Slide 1Slide 2The Cell Theory – from lecture 1Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Grouping CellsSlide 8Prokaryotic Cells – Structural OverviewProkaryotic Cells – Genetic InformationProkaryotic Cells – Internal StructureEukaryotes and Prokaryotes ComparedSlide 13The NucleusRough Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth Endoplasmic ReticulumGolgi ApparatusRibosomesLysosomesHow Do Large Molecules Enter and Leave?How Are Materials Delivered to Lysosomes?Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24VacuolesMitochondriaSlide 27ChloroplastsThe Cell WallSlide 30Slide 31Putting the parts into a whole:Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 393. CytoskeletonWhat Are the Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells?Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Chapter 7: Inside the cell - Key Concepts LearnedSlide 488. Cell-cell Interactions- Key Concepts© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.•All living things are made of similar sub-components, which are evolved to have related/different functions in different life forms (Structure and Function)•All living things rely on chemical reactions to process matter and acquire energy for cellular functions. Some energy transformations are nearly universal while some are restricted to certain species (Pathways and Transformations of Energy and Matter)•DNA is the instruction code or the blue print for life; how it is used and exchanged within and among life forms is the basis of life (Information Flow, Exchange and Storage)•Organisms and their cellular components have changed over time (biodiversity) through both selection (mutations) and random evolutionary processes (Evolution)•Life is predictably interconnected - from cells within an organism to interactions between global communities (Systems)© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.•Inside the cell: Ch 7•Cell-Cell Interactions, Cell adhesion, and Cell communication – Ch 8•Energy and Enzymes. Harvesting energy-Discuss the main metabolic pathways in the cell – Ch 9 •Photosynthesis: Energy from the sun (light Energy into Chemical energy) Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs – Ch 10SECTION 2© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.The Cell Theory – from lecture 1•In the late 1660s, Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek were the first to observe cells.•A cell is a highly organized compartment bound by a plasma membrane that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution.The cell theory states that –All organisms are made of cells (pattern).–All cells come from preexisting cells (process).Unicellular organisms: a single cell carries out all the functions of lifeMulticellular organisms: made of many cells that are specialized for different functions© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.What makes a cell a living organism?Single-celled organisms and individual cells within multicellular organisms can vary greatly in appearance as well as in the functions they perform. Nonetheless, each of these cells is alive and therefore must have some common characteristics:© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.a. At a minimum, what structures or components must a cell contain to be alive?b. What is the function of each structure or component listed in part a?© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Bio 140 : Organization and function of the cell:Inside the cell:-Describe the structure and function of individual cell components.-Explain what molecular “zip codes” are and how they function-Describe the structural and functional importance of the cytoskeleton-Dynamic nature of the cell: within a cell, thousands of chemical reactions occur every second, molecules are constantly moving across the plasma membrane, cell products are transported along protein fibers…..© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Grouping Cells•According to morphology, there are two broad groupings of life: 1. Prokaryotes, which lack a membrane-bound nucleus2. Eukaryotes, which have such a nucleus•According to phylogeny, or evolutionary history, there are three domains:1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya – eukaryotic prokaryotic© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.CompartmentalizationHow does structure Correlate with itsFunction?© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Prokaryotic Cells – Structural Overview•All prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus.•Recent advances in microscopy reveal complexity in prokaryotic structure.•Archaeal cell structure is relatively poorly understood.•Bacterial cells vary greatly in size and shape, but most bacteria contain several structural similarities:–Plasma membrane–A single chromosome–Ribosomes, which synthesize proteins–Stiff cell wall© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Prokaryotic Cells – Genetic Information •Most prokaryotic species have one supercoiled circular chromosome (DNA) found in the nucleoid region of the cell. •In addition to the large chromosome, many bacteria contain plasmids.–Small, supercoiled, circular DNA molecules–Plasmids usually contain genes that help the cell adapt to unusual environmental conditions.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Prokaryotic Cells – Internal Structure•In addition to the nucleoid chromosome and plasmids, other structures are contained within the cytoplasm:–All prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes, consisting of RNA molecules and protein, for protein synthesis. –Many prokaryotes have internal photosynthetic membranes. –No complex membrane-bound organelles.–The inside of many prokaryotic cells is supported by a cytoskeleton of long, thin protein filaments.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Compared•Four key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have been identified:1. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found inside a membrane-bound compartment called a nucleus.2. Eukaryotic cells are often much larger.3. Eukaryotic cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane.4. Eukaryotic cells feature a diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Compartmentalization© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.The Nucleus•The nucleus is large and highly organized. Largest organelle in the cell. •STRUCTURE:–The nucleus is surrounded by a double-membrane nuclear envelope. Outer membrane continuous with the rough ER.–The nucleus has a distinct region called the nucleolus. •FUNCTION:–Information storage and processing–Contains the cell’s chromosomes–Ribosomal RNA synthesis (in the nucleolus)© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum •STRUCTURE:–The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER, RER) is a network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs