Chapter1 and 7.1: Biology and the cell: Biology: the scientific study of living things. Biology is a multidisciplinary field. Address questions about the molecular nature of life processes. All life follows the laws of chemistry and physics. -All living organisms share 5 fundamental traits: (May not display all these characteristics at all the time)1. Organisms acquire and use energy2. Organisms are made up of membrane bound cells (have a plasma membrane).3. Organisms have hereditary information encoded in genes (all cells of an organism have the same genome)4. Organisms can reproduce (replication at cell division) 5. Populations of organisms evolve.-Cell Theory:All organisms are made of cells (pattern) and all cells came from preexisting cells (process).Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms?-Three Main domains of life: bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya-Grouping cells: Prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea) Eukaryotic cells (examples: plant and animal cells)  all cells surrounded by a plasma membraneProkaryotic structures: Supercoiled DNA is arranged in a Nucleoid. NO membrane-bound nucleus.Ribosomes  site of protein synthesisCell wallSmaller than eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic structures: Well defined nucleus, extensive internal membranes (No cell wall in animal cells)Chapter 2 – Water and C: The chemical basis of life1. Atoms, Ions and Molecules96% of every organism composed of elements C, H, O, N.Structure (shape or geometry) affects function: physical structure of C, H, O, and N affects the molecules that they form.2. Basic atomic structure – atomic #, atomic mass, Isotopes3. Electron orbitals and valence4. How does covalent bonding hold molecules together? Single, double and triple bonds? 5. Polar and Non polar covalent bonds? Polar=unequal electron sharing; Non polar=equal electron sharing6. The tendency of an atom to hold electrons tightly is its Electronegativity. (O>N>C=H)7. Polar covalent bonds and water:8. Ionic bonding(electrons transferred from one atom to another), ions and electron-sharing continuum:electrons are shared, forming a continuum, from equal sharing in nonpolar covalent bonds, to unequal sharing in polar covalent bonds, to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds.9. Representing molecules: Molecular formula, Structural formula, Ball-&-stick and space filling models10. Chemical Reactions: rearrangement of the bonds between atoms and can result in the breakdown of molecules or the formation of new molecules11. Why water is such an efficient solvent? Polarity and shape, Hydrogen bonds (makes it possible for anycharged or polar molecule to dissolve in water), Hydrophilic (polar molecules and ions; stay in solution) and hydrophobic (non polar molecules do not dissolve in water; uncharged) compounds? 12. How does water’s structure correlate with its properties? Cohesion(binding with like molecules; results in high surface tension), adhesion(binding with unlike molecules), surface tension,Water has a very high specific heat and heat of vaporization. Why? Water is able to absorb large amounts of energy.113. Acid-base reactions? (proton donor (acid) transfers a proton to an acceptor (base)) Acid? (pH below 7) Base? (pH higher than 7) pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. The Acidic, Basic and Neutral compounds? Buffers? Buffers are compounds that minimize changes in pH (weak acids and bases)14. How do Chemical Reactions happen? (If one substance is combined with another or one substance isbroken down into another substance) Exothermic(release heat) and endothermic reactions(absorb)? 15. What is Energy? (the capacity to do work or supply heat). Living organisms must have a constant supply of energy to maintain order.16. Potential energy= stored energy. Kinetic energy = energy of motion17. First law of thermodynamics? Energy is conserved—it cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed.18. Spontaneous reactions: Chemical reactions are spontaneous if they proceed on their own, without anycontinuous external influence such as added energy.19. The spontaneity of a reaction is determined by two factors: Potential energy and entropy (degree of disorder)20. Spontaneous reactions Products have low potential energy than the reactants (negative ∆H; exothermic reaction) and/or the product molecules are less ordered than the reactants (positive ∆S (entropy); increase in entropy).21. Gibbs free energy change summarizes the combined effects of changes in heat and disorder:∆G = ∆H - T∆S Exergonic (spontaneous; ∆G<0), endergonic (non-spontaneous (∆G>0) and equilibrium reactions (∆G=0)?A reaction can be non spontaneous at low temp, but spontaneous at high temperature. WHY?Some exothermic reactions are non spontaneous. Explain?Ice melts spontaneously at room temperature, even though the process is endothermic. How is this possible? Importance of C: Life on earth is based on Carbon chemistryMolecules that contain C are called organic molecules1. Linking C atoms- C can form 4 bonds  wide variety of molecular shapes  linear to ring structures2. Functional groups – molecules added to C skeleton that impart a variety of chemical reactivity to carbonmolecule. Major functional groups? Hydroxyl  -OH (act as weak acids)Carbonyl—Sites of reactions that link molecules into larger, more-complex compounds.Amino & Carboxyl  -COOH (attract or drop a proton)Phosphate—have two negative chargesSulfhydryl groups—Link together via disulfide bondsRefer to table 2.3 below2Molecules in living organisms: Biomolecules are macromoleculescontaining many functional groups. Water is the most abundantmolecule in the cell. Most biochemical reactions take place inaqueous medium in the cell.