Identity Development IISELF ESTEEMSelf EsteemDIFFERENT TYPES OF SELF ESTEEMDevelopmental changes in self esteem during adolescenceSelf esteem in different domainsAnswer these questionsDo you have a high sense of entitlement?IS TOO MUCH SELF ESTEEM A BAD THING?HOW TO ENCOURAGE HIGH SELF ESTEEM, BUT DISCOURAGE ENTITLEMENT?Identity Development Identity Development IIIISELF ESTEEMSELF ESTEEMWhat is What is SELF ESTEEMSELF ESTEEM??Broad construct: How an individual feels about him or Broad construct: How an individual feels about him or herselfherselfWhat factors influence adolescentsWhat factors influence adolescents’’ overall self overall self esteem?esteem?Feedback from othersFeedback from othersMeaning that one attributes to this feedbackMeaning that one attributes to this feedbackSelf esteem in particular domainsSelf esteem in particular domainsPhysicalPhysical self esteem is best predictor of overall self esteem, self esteem is best predictor of overall self esteem, especially for girlsespecially for girlsEthnic identity plays an important role for many adolescentsEthnic identity plays an important role for many adolescentsSelf EsteemSelf EsteemWhat factors influence overall What factors influence overall self esteem (cont.)self esteem (cont.)Degree of self-consciousnessDegree of self-consciousnessWorries about how othersWorries about how others’’ perceptions perceptionsStability of self-imageStability of self-imageDay to day changesDay to day changesDIFFERENT TYPES OF SELF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELF ESTEEMESTEEMBaseline self esteemBaseline self esteemAspect of self image that Aspect of self image that stays stablestays stableBarometric self esteemBarometric self esteemAspects of how we feel Aspects of how we feel about ourselves that shift about ourselves that shift from moment to momentfrom moment to momentDevelopmental changes in Developmental changes in self esteem during self esteem during adolescenceadolescenceIn general self esteem over adolescence is In general self esteem over adolescence is highly stablehighly stableE.g., if you feel E.g., if you feel relativelyrelatively good about yourself good about yourself at 12 you will probably also at 19at 12 you will probably also at 19However during early adolescence there is However during early adolescence there is also a lot of fluctuation in self imagealso a lot of fluctuation in self imageBarometric self esteem fluctuates a lot during Barometric self esteem fluctuates a lot during this timethis timeAdjusting to many new abilities and situationsAdjusting to many new abilities and situationsSelf esteem in different Self esteem in different domainsdomainsSelf esteem in different domains is also Self esteem in different domains is also important to considerimportant to considerE.g., athletics, specific academic abilities, E.g., athletics, specific academic abilities, social relationships, physical appearancesocial relationships, physical appearanceHas implications for overall self esteem Has implications for overall self esteem (e.g., physical) and for career and (e.g., physical) and for career and educational aspirationseducational aspirationsE.g., E.g., ““I am good at social relationships but not I am good at social relationships but not at math, so I will pick a career that emphasizes at math, so I will pick a career that emphasizes social relationships that lets me avoid mathsocial relationships that lets me avoid math””Answer these questionsAnswer these questionsUse the following scale to indicate your answers to Use the following scale to indicate your answers to the below questions: 1 (strongly disagree) to a 7 the below questions: 1 (strongly disagree) to a 7 (strongly agree) (strongly agree) (from Campbell et al., 2005)(from Campbell et al., 2005)1.1.I honestly feel II honestly feel I’’m just more deserving than others.m just more deserving than others.2.2.Great things should come to me.Great things should come to me.3.3.If I were on the Titanic, I would deserve to be on the If I were on the Titanic, I would deserve to be on the firstfirst lifeboat. lifeboat.4.4.I demand the best because II demand the best because I’’m worth it.m worth it.5.5.People like me deserve an extra break every now and People like me deserve an extra break every now and then.then.6.6.Things should go my way.Things should go my way.Do you have a high sense of Do you have a high sense of entitlement?entitlement?Total your points on the scale that Total your points on the scale that you just completed.you just completed.If you scored HIGHER than about 20 If you scored HIGHER than about 20 on the scale, you may have a higher on the scale, you may have a higher than average sense of than average sense of entitlemententitlement (a stable and pervasive sense that (a stable and pervasive sense that one deserves more and is entitled one deserves more and is entitled to more than others)to more than others)IS TOO MUCH SELF ESTEEM A IS TOO MUCH SELF ESTEEM A BAD THING?BAD THING?Research with emerging adultsResearch with emerging adults: those with : those with very high entitlement scores might be at very high entitlement scores might be at risk for psychological and interpersonal risk for psychological and interpersonal difficulties difficulties Higher aggression (may be oversensitive to Higher aggression (may be oversensitive to criticism)criticism)Problems with romantic relationshipsProblems with romantic relationshipsLower levels of empathyLower levels of empathySelf-serving behaviors (e.g., beliefs that one Self-serving behaviors (e.g., beliefs that one deserves higher pay than others for same job)deserves higher pay than others for same job)HOW TO ENCOURAGE HIGH SELF HOW TO ENCOURAGE HIGH SELF ESTEEM, BUT DISCOURAGE ESTEEM, BUT DISCOURAGE ENTITLEMENT?ENTITLEMENT?Teach knowledge and skills that can be the basis for Teach knowledge and skills that can be the basis for self esteem boosters (accurate assessments of good self esteem boosters (accurate assessments of good performance lead to higher self esteem – not the performance lead to higher self esteem – not the other way around)other way around)Praise behavior on specific tasks rather than general Praise behavior on specific tasks rather than general ability and characteristicsability and characteristics““You did a good job on that math problem!You