Review Sheet for Exam 3*Remember to also study the review sheet for Big Quiz 3, and the answer key to quiz 3 (both posted on Blackboard). Plus, of course, the notes posted in the “biodiversity of life” folder on blackboardBeyond Protista – Origins of Fungi, Plants and Animals1. When fungi, plants and animals evolved, what types of cells existed on the planet? Had multicellularity evolved yet? Both unicellular and multicellular2. For each group (fungi, plants and animals), when did they first evolve? (which is oldest and which is youngest?) 470mya—plants evolved AND moved on land3. WHERE did each evolve? All in water4. When did each transition to land? (which was first and which was last?)5. Which had unicellular ancestors and which had multicellular ancestors? Multicellular—plants; Unicellular—animals and fungi6. For fungi, what form was likely the way it first looked on land? The lichen form7. What is a lichen? Why is it an example of convergent evolution? A lichen—mutualism between fungus and something photosynthetic. It evolved under multiple lineages over time.8. What was important about the Cambrian explosion? When all the animal phyla evolved (radiation explosion)—after Cambrian—mass extinction (ones today are ones that survived)9. Why was there an adaptive radiation of early animals? Because of higher oxygen; continental break-up; selective pressure by predators10. Why don’t we see all of the animals that existed in the Cambrian today? Only chance survivors of the Cambrian exist today; the others died.11. What group of animals was first on land? Arthropods (400 mya)12. What is the closest relative of land plants?13. What did land plants probably require to transition to land? Fungi (mycorrhizae)14. What are mycorrhizae? They help plant roots get water & nutrients in exchange for sugars from plants15. Why did the transition to land probably occur about 500 mya? Open niches; high oxygen; evolution of ozone layer (blocks UV radiation)16. If you look at the protist phylogeny from this lecture, it’s a really good example of why you could never say that plants, fungi, and animals evolved from each other (like you could never say animals evolved from fungi, which evolved from plants… they had totally different most recent common ancestors for each group)Fungi1. What makes the source of nutrition for fungi different from plants and animals? They are not photosynthetic & can’t ingest2. Why is it somewhat incorrect to point to a mushroom and say “there’s the fungus”? 3. What is the known species richness of fungi? 800,000 (less than animals)4. Even though fungi are cosmopolitan as a group, where are they most likely to be found? Moist soil5. What is the reason why there is so much dispersal in this group of non-motile organisms? Spores arereally light and get everywhere6. What is the function of a filamentous structure? So they can expand into their food source & absorb the food7. Make sure to remember that fungi are important decomposers and parasites!8. What comprises the cell wall of fungi? Chitin (gives it strength)9. Why have the phylogenies for fungi changed in recent years (what technique do we use now compared to the past to build the phylogenies?)? Be able to show on the fungal phylogeny which groups are monophyletic and which are not. They used to be classified by reproductive structures; now we use DNA to classify10. Which group of fungi make what we classically call a “mushroom”? Basidiomycetes11. Which group of fungi are the most important digesters of lignin? Basidiomycetes12. Which group has the “true truffles” in it? What makes a truffle a truffle? Ascomycetes; It has to have underground reproductive structuresLand Plants1. Land plants are not the most species-rich (there are about 400,000) or abundant… but what are they?They have the most mass2. How do plants get their nutrition? (and for the curious, there are a few completely parasitic plants that do not photosynthesize… as you might imagine they are not green… one is white (indian pipe)) photosynthesis3. What are the cell walls of plants made of? Cellulose 4. What did the very first plants on land probably lack? Leaves & roots5. If all plants suddenly died, would life still exist? Yes, we still have photosynthetic bacteria & protists6. What trait prevents water loss in plants? Cuticle7. What trait regulates the movement of gases and water in plants? Stomata8. Vascular tissue and lignin serve two purposes – what are they? Which plants have vascular tissue andwhich do not? Vascular tissue—Take in water from roots(xylem); store sugars in roots & transport backup(phloem). Lignin—provides the strength for a tree to stand tall. Nonvascular=no vascular tissue; Seedless vascular and seed have vascular tissue.9. Why are plants called “embryophytes”? Why is this so important for plants? They retain their embryos; they hold the embryo, letting it develop, protecting from predators10. Know the ploidy (haploid or diploid) of a gametophyte and sporophyte. Gametophyte—haploid(N); Sporophyte—diploid(2N). 11. What do sporophytes make? Spores12. What do gametophytes make? Gametes13. Be able to draw a basic alternation of generations cycle that includes: sporophyte, gametophyte, spores, gametes, mitosis, meiosis, fertilization, zygote. Gametophytes—gametes(mitosis)—egg & sperm(fertilization)—Zygote(mitosis)—Sporophytes—spores(meiosis)—back to gametophytes(mitosis);14. Know the trend in which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) is dominant in each plant group. Nonvascular—Gametophyte dominant; Seedless Vascular—Sporophyte dominant; Seed—Sporophyte 15. What are the hypothesized benefits of alternation of generations? 1. More of a diversity within life forms. 2. There might be reduced competition between parent and child. 3. This is a good way to screen for mutations.16. What are the three main groups of plants? Nonvascular, Seedless Vascular, Seed17. What is the order of evolution of the three groups and which is most and least prevalent on the planet today? Nonvascular, Seedless vascular, Seed. Seed—gymnosperms and angiosperms(most dominant)18. Which groups are monophyletic and which are not? Monophyletic—seed plants; Nonvascular & seedless vascular—paraphyletic 19. What is the most common example of a nonvascular plant (one you should know)? Mosses, liverworts20. Why are nonvascular plants typically small and live