Study Guide Exam 2Other items to study:- Study guide for Big Quiz 2- Googly eyed worksheet key (evolution folder)- Phylogeny worksheet key (evolution folder). You can bank on at least one question on phylogenies. Remember that there is information on these in your textbook, Bioskills, and at theback of your lab manual.- OBVIOUSLY- all the class notes starting with microevolution (from Sept. 25) through the slide on VIRUSES. I will not put bacteria and disease on this exam.- And I hope OBVIOUSLY, you know to study the five overall learning objectives for the course. I can envision a short answer question where I provide evidence from one of the three guppy articles and ask you to relate it to two of the learning objectives. That means you need to be able to list and explain the five learning objectives…- And I did drop that hint about species concepts too – embrace them, know them…Patterns of Biodiversity – Island Biogeography1. What are the four ways that life on oceanic islands is unbalanced as compared to continental islands (remember to understand these, not just memorize a list!)? (and what is the difference between oceanic and continental islands?) - Oceanic islands missing species that are on continental islands- Can live on islands by chance, not likely to because of dispersal- Oceanic islands are diverse (Adaptive radiations=rapid speciation)- More likely to be endemic (species only exists on a certain island)- Dispersal; difficult to reach an oceanic island; easier to disperse to a continental island2. Why is Madagascar only partially unbalanced? It is a continental island, but looks like an oceanic island; when it split from the continent, it has been oceanic in essence; Developed endemic species.3. These patterns on islands were used to develop what explanatory theory? Theory of island biogeography4. Why are island systems more fragile and the focus of conservation efforts? They tend to have a high number of endemic species; islands tend to have very specific species interactions that are fragile.5. What does the theory of island biogeography predict? Islands closer to the mainland recover at a fast rate6. Draw and label the island biogeography graph – be able to explain it! Slide 13 in speciation and patterns oct. 97. Why do smaller islands have lower immigration and higher extinction? Smaller islands cannot hold as many species and have less resources. Larger islands can hold more new species and have lowerextinction. More habitats=more resources=more species.8. Why do islands closer to the mainland have higher immigration and lower extinction? (What do I mean by “re-charge”?) The ability to replace organisms that are being lost on the island; gene flowbetween island and mainland; immigration’s higher. 9. What is meant by a “habitat island” and how does this relate to island biogeography? A fragment of a habitat on any landscape=habitat island.10. Study the slide showing better and worse choices for habitat islands and be able to explain why one group is better than the other. Slide 20 in speciation and patterns oct. 9Patterns of Biodiversity – Global and Time1. What is the species – latitude relationship? Most biodiversity=equator; closer to the equator=greater species richness.2. What are three explanations for species –latitude patterns? What do these three factors lead to? - Climate being hotter, wetter, and less seasonal at the poles, compared to the equator. Leads to higher productivity.3. Why are there exceptions to species-latitude? There are organisms that have specific adaptations tocertain habitats; Landscape (Mountains and Peninsulas); If land was flat, then there would be fewer exceptions; topography effects.4. What is a biome, and how is it related to climate? Area defined by vegetation=biome; vegetation defined by abiotic conditions (climate). 5. Is biodiversity directly related to productivity? What is your evidence? Highest productivity=highest biodiversity. No direct relationship. Ex. Deserts have lower productivity than temperate forests. Refer to graph in slide 14 of patterns of biodiversity to post.6. Why does “history” relate to biodiversity on the planet? Where a species originated on the planet; atime of origin for humans; tracing the origination over time(did it stay or disperse over the area over time?); where they originated and stayed(had time to speciate)=greatest biodiversity7. How is a biogeographic region different from a biome? Definitions; more related organisms=biogeographic region=defined by barriers (ability to move from one place to another)8. How do biogeographic regions relate to speciation? Dispersal and barriers (keep related organisms together)9. Why do some organisms not adhere to biogeographic regions? Organisms that emerge in a certain biogeographic region, but can fly to another region; high dispersal ability; human influence. Ex. Rats, dogs, pigs.10. Are biogeographic regions terrestrial only? No, because there are biogeographic regions in the ocean. 11. What are two reasons that organisms in the same biome but opposite sides of the planet may look the same? - They may be truly related; high dispersal ability for that organism- Convergent evolution-when two organisms only look the same, because they live under the same habitat; selection pressure pushes the two to have similar adaptations. 12. Over time on the planet, how has species abundance, species richness, and species complexity changed? Which are more abundant on the planet, complex or non-complex organisms? We have higher species abundance now; there are many more species(species richness); we now have organisms that are complex, whereas before there weren’t as many(no multicellular organisms); Non-complex(prokaryotes) outnumbers the complex13. I said biodiversity on the planet is a balance between speciation, extinction, and things that impact speciation and extinction… what impacts those things on the planet? - Speciation=isolation(barriers), evolution, habitat types, continental drift(can have species drift to a new habitat)- Extinction=climate change, chance events(meteorites), continental drift(changes barriers)14. How is local extinction different from “regular” extinction different from mass extinction? Local extinction=a species being wiped out in one area, but may still exist in another area; Mass extinction=entire species wiped out in all areas.15. When talking about