Study Guide Big Quiz 2I did post the “answer key” to the googly eye lizard worksheet (in the evolution folder in course materials) so that is something that you SHOULD study for this quiz.Microevolution1. How does microevolution define evolution? (Is it dependent on the number of generations or magnitude of the change?) Allele frequency change2. What is an allele frequency? Percent of the alleles in pop. What does an allele frequency = 1 mean? If P=1, then p=0. That allele is fixed; no other allele.3. Know what the following terms mean in case I use them in a question: dominant, recessive, homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive, genotype, phenotype.4. What was Mendel’s contribution to our understanding of genetics? Particulate inheritance. 5. What is a gene pool and how is it used to determine if microevolution occurred? Allele frequency change=gene pool change; no change in gene pool=no evolution6. What is apunnett square used for?Mechanisms of evolutionGenetic drift-founder’s effect & bottleneckNon-random mating-inbreeding & sexual selectionMutationMigration-gene flowNatural selection-directional, stabilizing, disruptive1. In general, how many of the mechanisms of evolution cause a change in allele frequency? All five2. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and why is it important? (you should be able to list the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) Null model; conditions that Wardy and Weinberg said that evolution would not be found. Defined what would cause change & what it looked like.3. Which of the five mechanisms of evolution (which you should be able to list) are random? Which are not random (there are two)? Genetic drift & mutation=random. Non-random mating & natural selection=non-random. Migration=can be both (do not need to know)4. What are two mechanisms that can result in adaptation(trait that confers fitness)?Natural selection & sexual selection (selects traits that make you more likely to reproduce) 5. Which mechanisms of evolution reduce variability in a population? Which increases it? Reduce=Genetic drift, directional & stabilizing selection. Increases=Mutation. Disruptive selection mainly maintains vaiability.6. Which mechanism of evolution can result in a fixed allele, and under what conditions is that MOST likely to occur?7. How are the two causes of genetic drift different?8. If you think of both types of non-random mating (what are they?), what are three things you would see in the populations experiencing these mechanisms of evolution? Inbreeding-increased number of heterozygotes; Sexual selection-sexual dimorphism; exaggerated male fighting traits (horns)9. How is gene flow different from the founder effect? Both types of migration; Gene flow=two populations-back and forth migration between two groups; Founder effect=flow in one direction, migration in one direction, isolated10. What is the evolutionary difference between too much and too little gene flow? Too much=genetically homogenizes populations; too little=genetically isolatespopulations; may speciate over time11. For each type of natural selection, know whether the mean trait of the population changes and know which part of the population is selected against. Know which ones decrease and which one maintains variation. Line=mean; stabilizing=mean same, but outsides drive against; disruptive=mean same, butmiddle is being driven against; directional=mean shifts, but outside left drivenagainst.12. Which type of natural selection can lead to speciation within a population? Disruptive more likely to cause speciation.13. Two things from the googly-eyed sheet – remember that claims in science need to be supported by evidence, and remember that multiple mechanisms of evolution can act at the same time, and although you can see evidence of evolution in populations, it can be hard to know exactly which mechanism(s) are causing it.Speciation (creation of a new species)Step 1-sympatricStep 2-divergence1. What are the three “steps” of speciation? Know that isolation = no gene flow and that divergence = differential evolution2. Which mechanisms of evolution can cause step 2 of speciation? All five3. Absolutely know the three species(biological, morphological, phylogenetic) concepts and how to apply them to a scenario. If you are confused about monophyletic groups – see the Bioskills3 section of your textbook or the appendix ofyour lab manual! Biological=different species if they can’t breed successfully; Morphological(diff. species)=can tell by their traits or looks; Phylogenetic=different species are based on genetic differences, specifically monophyletic. 4. How is allopatric and sympatric speciation (isolation) different?5. How is dispersal different from vicariance? Be able to identify it from a scenario. In dispersal, some kind of movement; vicariance=population in place; something separated the pop.6. How is the apple / hawthorn fly scenario the same, yet different, from the polyploidy example? Both examples of sympatric speciation (same location) What is causing the isolation in each case? Flies=habitat separation; Polyploidy=genetic difference What is the cause of the divergence in each case? Flies=undergoing disruptive selection; Polyploidy=undergoing mutation; instant speciation.7. How do you get pre-fertilization and post-fertilization barriers(an offspring was created, but died young, infertile, can’t reproduce)? How are they (the pre- and post-barriers) different? Anything that prevents sperm and egg coming together(pre-fertilization). Sperm & egg come together, but something not right about the offspring(post-fertilization)8. Which species concept do fertilization barriers relate to? Biological species concept9. What is an adaptive radiation? An example of one group speciating very rapidly. Ex. Galopagos finches10. What is a speciation cascade? There are some species on this planet that are more likely to speciate over othersHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:1. Pop. Size is infinitely large (no genetic drift)2. Random mating (no inbreeding or sexual selection)3. No mutation4. No migration (gene flow)5. No natural selection- If any (or all) of above rules are broken & gene pool