Chem 1332 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 17Lecture 11 (October 3)What is the formula for constant equilibrium?- The formula for constant equilibrium is keq=RightiesLefties∨kforwardkreve rse which means the right side or reverses reaction from a balanced equation over the left side or forward reaction of a balance equation. An example is A +2 B ⇌ C+3 B and the keq equation is [C]eq[D]eq3[A]eq[B]eq2. Keq is the function of products equilibrium over reactants equilibrium What is Kc?- Kc is for concentration which the product of righties equilibrium to the power of the coefficient over the product of lefties equilibrium to the power of the coefficient. What is Kp?- Kp is for pressure multiplied by righties equilibrium to the power of the coefficient over the pressure multiplied lefties equilibrium to the power of the coefficientk p=kc(RT )∆n, ∆ n means the change of moles of gas between the products and reactants.Lecture 12 (October 8) What is the reaction quotient and its relationship to k?- The reaction quotient (Q) is the product of righties to the coefficient over the product of lefties to the coefficient. If Q is less than k the reaction goes to the right. If Q is greater than k the reaction goes to left. If Q=k the reaction is at equilibrium.What is Le Chareliers Principle?- In Le Chareliers Principle you consider a system that is already at equilibrium. If you add more reactant Q is less than k is so the reaction is it uses up the reactant and makes product. If you add product Q is greater than k and it uses up product to make more reactant. If you remove reactant Q is greater than k it uses up product and makesreactant. If you remove product Q is less than k it uses up the reactant and makes product. Le Chatelier’s Principle if you change something that takes the reaction out of equilibrium it will change and adapt to reach equilibrium once more.What are the effects of changing temperature and pressure?- If you increase temperature the reaction is not at equilibrium anymore the reaction wants to remove heat so it uses up heat through an endothermic direction. If you decrease the temperature the Q does not equal k the reaction goes an exothermic direction. If you increase pressure it decreases the volume of the reaction and the number of moles of gas molecules. If you decrease the pressure the reaction goes in a different direction.Lecture 13 (October 10)What are the strong acids?- The six strong acids areHCl(aq), HBr(aq), HI(aq)HCl O4(aq), HN O3(aq), H2S O4(aq).According to Arrhenius what makes an acid?- An acid dissociates in water and has H plus ions present. Strong acids dissociate a hundred percent. Weak acids partially dissociate in water.What is percent error?- Percent error is if you are given a problem and the k is very small you have few products so the x in you problem so you make an assumption that the x does not make a big difference and assume it is not there. At the end you check your answer for x over what you assumed and multiply by a hundred if it is less that five percent your assumption was ok if it is greater you cannot make that assumption and need to redo the problem.Lecture 14 (October 15)What is the Ka equation for acids and what is Ka for strong acids?- The Ka for an acid is +¿ eqA−¿eqHAeqH¿Ka(HA)=¿. Strong acids have a Ka so big that we assume the equation is −¿(aq)+¿(aq)+A¿HA (aq)→ H¿.What are bases according to Arrhenius?- Base dissociates in water and release −¿(aq)O H¿ in the solution. Strong bases areLiOH(aq), NaOH(aq), KOH , RbOH(aq), CrOH(aq), Sr(OH)2(aq), BaCO H2(aq).How do we find pH and pOH?- The p stands for negation log so the equation for pH is pH=-log+¿ eqH¿ and for pOH is pOH=-log −¿O H¿.What is the difference between Arrhenius and Bronstel-Lowry theory?- Bronstel and Lowry had a different way of thinking they said that acids were +¿H¿donors and bases were +¿H¿acceptors.What is the Kb equation?- The Kb equation is +¿ eqOH−¿ eqBeqBH¿Kb=¿.What are conjugate pairs and their relations?- Conjugate pairs are for example given +¿(aq)−¿(aq)+B H¿HA(aq)+B(aq)⇄ A¿, − ¿(aq)HA(a q)∧A¿ are conjugate pairs to HA(aq) is the acid and −¿(aq)A¿ is the base and to get to from the acid to base you lose +¿H¿ and to get from base to acid you gain. Then B+¿(aq)(aq)∧B H¿ are conjugate pairs and B is the base while+¿(aq)B H¿ is the acid and the same rules apply. Strong acids have very weak conjugate bases. Weak acids have strong conjugate bases.Is water an acid or base?- Water is amphiprotic meaning it has characteristics of both an acid and a base and is capable of reacting as either.Lecture 15 (October 17)What is the pH of pure water?- In pure water at 25 degrees Celsius the pH is equal to pOH and the both equal 7.What is the relation of acids and bases with pH and pOH?- An acid pH is less than pOH and the pH is less that 7 and the pOH is greater than 7. In a base the pH is greater pOH the pH is greater than 7 and the pOH is less than 7.In Oxyacid what determines strength of the acid?- The strength depends a=on the electronegativity if is strong than it is a strong acid and this increases across a period and up a group. Also another important factor is the amount of O’s as the number of oxygens increases so does the strength. Lecture 16 (October 22)What are anions?- Anions are conjugate bases of acids. Strong bases −¿−¿C H3¿+¿ , N H2¿−¿ , H¿OH¿ hydrocarbon ion. Very weak acids −¿−¿ ,C lO4¿−¿, N O3¿−¿ , I¿−¿, B r¿C l¿ these are either weak acids or neutral conjugates.What are Cations?- Cations are conjugate of acids or bases there are also Metal Cations +¿M¿¿¿Weak acids2+¿2+¿, B a¿+¿ , S r¿+¿ , R b¿+¿ , K¿+¿, N a¿L i¿.What are polyprotic acids?- Polyprotic acids have more than one ionizable proton so in order to solve for the pH there are multiple equations.Lecture 17 (October 24)What are the three types of neutralization?- The first type is strong acid plus strong base and it goes to completion. The second type is weak acid plus strong base and it yields a conjugate base. The third type is a strong acid and weak base and it yields a conjugate acid.What are the steps needed to solve for a pH equation?- The first step is if is not given to you find the molarity of the reactants. The second step is to get rid of spectator ions. The third step is to neutralize the solution if there are bothacids and bases. The forth step