LAND 2510: Test 2
72 Cards in this Set
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Abbey
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Church connected to monastary
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archetype
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the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies of
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Barbarian Invasions
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(People who did not speak LAtin or Greek)
Attacks against Roman cities by Germanic groups that pillaged, plundered, and burned. Visogoths sack Rome for last time in 476, bringing the End of the Western Roman Empire
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Bestiary
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a collection of moralized fables, especially as written in the Middle Ages, about actual or mythical animals.
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Byzantine Empire
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395 AD-1453 AD Apart of the Roman Empire leaving a lot of art,science, and building. Creating the Eastern Orthodox
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Cathedral
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church of a bishop that houses a cathedral, or throne symbolizing the seat of power in his administrative district, known as a diocese.
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Chivalry
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The system of values (such as loyalty and honor)that knights in the Middle Ages were expected to follow.
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cleric
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priests hired by kings to record laws, figure accounts, and write letters
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cloister
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a covered walk along the inside walls of a building,usually looking out on a courtyard
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courtly love
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a code of behavior in medieval courts in which the knights worshipped a lady from afar.
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deer hunting park
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medieval part of land specifically designed for hunting
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demesne
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*All the land retained by a lord of the manor for his own use and support, under his own management
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exegesis
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a detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of prose or poetry
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fief
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A relationship between lord and vassal in which the lord gave a vassal the right to rule a piece of land, its products, and people in exchange for political and military loyalty; the central relationship in feudal states
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Guild
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An association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to its members and set rules for their work and products.
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guildhall
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usually constructed on a public square.The most important guilds in a town usually occupied a place on the main town square.
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Holy Roman Empire
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Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist prince. Gave way to new empires
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Hortus Conclusus
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An enclosed garden. Sometimes a secret garden in a garden. Christian symbolism associates this type of garden with the Virgin Mary and contrasted it with the loss of virtue related to the exile from Eden. In practice often a rose garden.
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Keep
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The tower stronghold of a medieval castle, used as a residence in times of siege.
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Knight
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A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier
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labyrinth
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a complicated network of winding passages; a maze
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Lord
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a noble who owned and controlled all activities on his manor
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Lynchet
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a bank of earth that builds up in the downslope of a field that is plowed through over a long period of time.
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Manorialsim
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Economic system during the Middle Ages, that revolved around a self sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants share land
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Medieval Market Towns
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eleventh century
protected by thick high walls towers and draw bridges
gave rise to middle class
good places for trade
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monastary
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a group of buildings in which monks live together set apart from the secular community of a town
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ridge and furrow
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A pattern of ridges and
troughs created by the
system of plowing used
in Europe during the
Middle Ages.
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Serf
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farm laborer who could be bought and sold along with the land
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Serfdom
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was the status of peasants in relation to feudalism. Essentially, a peasant would work a large portion of land and provide from his lord in exchange for a much smaller portion of land that he could live on and thrive off of and be provided with protection.
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turf seat
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In enclosed medieval gardens "A bench was often made right round the garden by
piling earth in a low bank against the walls, fronting it with stone, brick or
wood, and planting flowering herbs in turf along the top.
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vassal
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in feudal europe, a person who recieved a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services.
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vertical cosmos
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-Elements of nature may Nature, human history, and landscape are interwoven
-“Wilderness,” as a separate domain
that is foreign and opposed to humans,
does not exist.
-elements of nature may be scared and sites within the landscape may be the locus of spirts
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Wilderness
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area where the earth & its community of life haven’t been seriously disturbed by humans & where humans are only temporary visitors.
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Early Renaissance
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(approx. 1400-1490)
Humanistic interest in Classical style
merging of christian and Classic Ideals
Founders
Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio
Architecture
use of classical elements
Flippo Brunelleschi created scientific perspective and square unit measure
Sculpture and Paint…
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High Renaissance
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•Pinnacle of artistic achievement
•Elements of classical art
• Fusing of "real" and "ideal" human
• use of oil paint
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middle ages
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the period of European history traditionally given as 500-1500
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Modern Era
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Ushered in by the logic and rationality of science and technology and nurtured by the managerial search for effectiveness and eficiency
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natural law
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a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct; an observable law relating to natural phenomena
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Platonic Academy
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evolved under Marisilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola's
informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists devoted to the revival of the works of Plato
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Platonic Forms
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Ideas which exist independently from the minds which think them, in their own timeless world
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Renaissance
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"rebirth" the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity; 1420-1650
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scholaticism
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an attempt to synthesize (combine) Greek philosophy (particularly the philosophy of Aristotle) with Romanism
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Second nature
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Human intervention within the landscape
Infrastructure, agriculture
The objects that man has placed in the landscape in order to survive or live easy
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terrace
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wide shelf of land cut into hillside
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Allee
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A tree of hedge bordered walk of grass or gravel. Common in French gardens.
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Allegory
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using characters or story elements to symbolically to represent an abstraction
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bosquet
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The French term for a wooded grove within a garden.
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Moat
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a deep wide water filled ditch that surrounded a castle and helped protect it from attack
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Chateau
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A French country house or castle.
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Empericism
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knowledge is acquired through observation
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jet d'eau
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fountain in a French Baroque-style garden
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Heliocentric cosmology
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A model of the universe in which the sun is centrally located and the planets and stars are at a successively increasing distance from the sun
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Imperialism
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the "practice" and theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory.
-operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons.
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broderie de parterre
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in garden design, hedges and beds for planting creating intricate designs resembling embroidery
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topiary
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creative pruning of plants into shapes
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Aqueduct
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a man-made conduit for transporting water
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Axial planning
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Separate elements are symmetrically arranged along a dominant center line, creating a processional path from the outside straight into the sanctuary
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Bosco
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A dense grove of trees.
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giochi di acqua
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water jokes
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isolotto
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little island
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one point/linear perspective
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perspectival theory developed by Alberti in his “Treatise on Painting;”theory is not possible without the idea of Humanism because before in Gothic,everything was based around God, whereas in Humanism, everything is based onour realm, our world, and making work seem believably relatable/c…
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Patte d'oie
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3 avenues radiating in form of a goose foot from a central point.
Where 3 straight paths radiate from a central point in a park or garden
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Piazza
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A public square, plaza, or marketplace, especially in an Italian town
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What is the principle of "Second Man"?
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- Art and architecture must respect the vernacular
-Honoring what was built before in order to maintain the unity of a space
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Radial plan
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- radiating streets
- sun ray-like design
- streets coming from one central point
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Seven Churches of Rome
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-entire city as a "holy place"
S Peters
S Giovanni in Laterano
S Maria Maggiore
S Croce in Gerusalemme
S Lorenzo
S Sebastiano
S Paul
-axis and obelisks
-re-interpretation of rome's pagan past
-aid to pilgrimage
-rome remakes itself as center
-axis to all churches-can see who…
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3 events critical to the development of the French Baroque Garden
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(1) establishment of modern nation-state and absolute monarchy
(2) class of professional gardeners (and printing technology with ideas spread through Europe)
(3) Shift in cosmology from discovery of New World and modern science
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Tuileries Palace for Catherine de Medici
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came from Florence, wife of King Henry II
- Gardens by Pierre le notre and then transformed by andre le notre (he designed in the Mollet style)
- Was avilla suburban – built outside the city. The city grow with time and is nowpart of the city
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Louvre Palace
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Paris, France
1660
Perrault and others
Building is an example of the correct use of columns. Columns are expressive, freestanding elements that hold up the roof. Architecture restores ancient principles to modern design.
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Place Royale
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Paris, France
1600
Introduction of residential squares under the sponsorship of the French Monarchy. It was a public space given back to the city. Used for residential and commercial purposes. Introduction of the arcade as a new urban gesture dedicated to the pedestrian.
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jauques boyceu
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Wrote Traite du Jardinage, first treatise on principles of gardening
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Andre Mollet, Jardin de Plaisir (1651)
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a book on garden design
prominent designer
strong symmetrically unified layouts
increased articulation
parterre - patterns created with flowers, brick dust, and sand
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LAND 2510: Test 2