COMM 110: FINAL EXAM
89 Cards in this Set
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similarities between public speaking and conversation
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organizing your thoughts logically, tailoring your message to the audience, telling a story for maximum impact, and adapting to listener feedback
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differences between public speaking and conversation
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Public speaking is more highly structured, public speaking requires more formal language, and different method of delivery
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speech anxiety [stage fright]
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anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
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visualization
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mental imagining in which a speaker vividly pictures themselves giving a successful presentation
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prepare-practice-breathe-move
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helps reduce speech anxiety
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frame of reference
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the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no two people can have exactly the same
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all others
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ethics
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the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong, moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest in human affairs
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global plagiarism
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stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones own
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patchwork plagiarism
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stealing ideas or language form two or threes sources and passing them off as one's own
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incremental plagiarism
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failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed form other people
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general purpose
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the broad goal of a speech (inform/persuade)
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Example of general purpose
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to inform
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specific purpose
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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
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Example of specific purpose
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To inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with psychological disorders
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central idea
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a one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech
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Example of central idea
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Music therapy developed as a formal mode of treatment during the 20th century, utilizes a number of methods, and is explained by several theories that account for its success
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egocentrism
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the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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demographic analysis
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audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sex, group membership, and racial/cultural/ethnic background
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situational analysis
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audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as size of audience, physical setting of speech, and disposition of the audience toward topic, speaker, and occasion
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Adapting to an audience before speech
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assess how the audience is likely to respond to the content of the speech and adjust what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible
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Adapting to an audience during speech
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adjust for unexpected circumstances such as technological failure and overlapping topics and watch for visual feedback from audience
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Authorship
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clearly identify the author and decide if they are credible based on qualifications
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Sponsorship
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often times web documents are published by public interest groups rather than individuals. Evaluate them for bias
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Recency
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how recent the article has been published (generally the more recent, the more accurate)
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author, date, title (ADT)
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when citing sources in a speech, whether verbally or in an outline, make sure to document the author, date, and title to provide proper credit to author
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brief example
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a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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hypothetical example
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an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. Usually brief stories that relate to a general principle
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extended example
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a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
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expert testimony
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testimony from people who are recognized as experts in their field (most commonly used for controversial topics)
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peer testimony
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testimony from ordinary people with first-hand experience or insight on a topic (provides a more personal viewpoint on an issue)
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Statistics
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numerical data
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direct quote
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testimony that is presented word for word
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paraphrase
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to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words
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transition
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a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished on thought and is moving onto another
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preparation outline
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a detailed outline developed during speech preparation that includes all of the necessary parts of a speech, including an annotated bibliography
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speaking outline
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a less detailed outline of a speech, used while presenting extemporaneously. Not written in full sentences, but rather small bullet points to jog one's memory during presentation
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visual framework
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the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship amongst the speaker's ideas (most important points are farthest to the left) most common is roman numerical
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annotated bibliography
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a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech accompanied by a brief paragraph which summarizes the source, lists how you used it, and how it is applicable to the speech
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delivery cues
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directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how they want to deliver key parts of the speech
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Example of delivery cues
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pause, slow down, become loud
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gaining attention
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strategies which help to get audience caught up in your speech
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example of gaining attention
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relate topic to audience, state importance, startle the audience, arouse curiosity, question the audience, begin with a quote, or tell a story
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credibility
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the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. Can be in the form of personal experiences as well as research
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thesis
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a statement used at the beginning of a speech to inform the audience about what you are going to talk about
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preview statement
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a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
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connotative meaning
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the meaning suggested by the associations or triggered by a word or phrase
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connection to audience
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creating a personal tie to the audience through your speech. Also may be done by relating the topic to them
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conclusion
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the final section of the speech. It signals the end of a speech and reinforces the central idea
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denotative meaning
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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
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abstract
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a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
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abstract words
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words that refer to ideas or concepts
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concrete words
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words that refer to tangible objects
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impromptu
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a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
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manuscript
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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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pronunciation
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the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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articulation
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the physical pronunciation of particular speech sounds
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owning the room
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moving around the room throughout your speech to appear comfortable with stage presence
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Avoiding persuasion
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mention both sides of topic and avoid the word "you"
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question of fact
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question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
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example of question of fact
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What college basketball team has won the most games since 2000?
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question of value
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question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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example of question of value
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What is the best movie of all time?
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question of policy
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question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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example of question of policy
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Should abortion be legalized in all states?
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passive agreement
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable WITHOUT encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
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immediate action
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to TAKE ACTION in support of a given policy
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problem/cause/solution
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second a cause, and the third a solution
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ethos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students refer to as credibility
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pathos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as an emotional appeal
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logos
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the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning (facts)
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evidence
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supporting material to prove/disapprove of something
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reasoning
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the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
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fallacy
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an error in reasoning
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causal reasoning
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reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
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analogical reasoning
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reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar causes and infers that what is true for the first case is true for the second
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reasoning from principle (deductive)
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reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
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examples of reasoning from principle
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all people are mortal, Socrates is a person, Socrates is mortal
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reasoning from specific instances (inductive)
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reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
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example of reasoning from specific instances
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my phy-ed course was easy last year, my rommate's phy-ed course is easy, my brother's phy-ed course is easy, and all phy-ed courses are easy
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Counterargument
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often found in a persuasive speech, an argument that goes against what the speaker is promoting. If address and disproved in a speech, can further strengthen impact of persuasive argument
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hearing
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the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
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listening
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paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
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appreciative listening
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listening for pleasure or enjoyment (music, comedy routine, entertaining speech)
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empathic listening
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listening to provide emotional support for a speaker (psychiatrist listening to a patient)
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critical listening
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listening to evaluate a message for the purpose of accepting or rejecting it (listening to a sales pitch/campaign speech)
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comprehensive listening
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listening to understand the message of a speaker (listening to a class lecture/directions to a house)
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causes of poor listening
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not concentrating due to "spare brain time", listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearance
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suggestions for better listening
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take listening seriously, be an active listener, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance/delivery, suspend judgement, focus your listening, and develop note-taking skills
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COMM 110: EXAM 1