KIN 4310: FINAL EXAM
90 Cards in this Set
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an attempt to explain some basic observations before precise data has been rigorously collected and analyzed; an educated guess.
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Hypothesis
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involves planning experiments measurement of data and the drawing conclusions from the data
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statistics
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numerical quantity describing some characteristic of a sample of data
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statistic
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mean, standard deviation, t-score, F, T, z, r
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examples of a statistic
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numerical quantity describing some characteristic of a population
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parameter
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collection of all things in which your hypothesis pertains
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population
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an attempt to measure the amount of people in the population
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census
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a sub-collection of elements the drawn from a population
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sample
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set of tools describing the characteristics of the sample
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descriptive statistics
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standard deviation, bimodal, positively skewed
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what are examples of descriptive statistics?
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take a population, and from that you draw a sample and then you perform measurements (experiments), after that you sit there with a pile of data; given the tools, you will calculate the probability (p-value) then make an inference about that population-- used sample data to make inference…
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inferential statistics
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divided the population into sections (or clusters); randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from the selected clusters
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cluster
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data or results that are easy to get
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convenience
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the best because it eliminates the systemic biased; members of the population are selected in such a way that each individual member has an equal chance of being selected
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random
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computer generated programs, draw straws, numbers out of a hat
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examples of random sampling
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sub divided the population into at least two different subgroups, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum)
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stratified sampling
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select some starting point and then select every nth element in the population
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systematic
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a value at the center or middle of a data set
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measure of central tendency
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mean, median, mode
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what are 3 types of central tendency
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a measure of how each score in a group of scores differ from the mean of that set of scores (spread, dispersion)
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variability
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variance, range, standard deviation
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what are 3 measures of variability
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list data values (either individually or by groups of intervals), along with their corresponding frequencies or counts; you have a table of numbers, left column you bins, then you illustrate it using a histogram
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frequency distribution
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mutually exclusive, unordered categories; can't put in typical order
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nominal measurement
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gender, political affiliation, country of origin, movie genres; only in frequency
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examples of nominal measurement
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characteristics that can be put in order, but there is no consistent difference between adjacent scores
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ordinal measurement
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rank, olympic medal color, movie ratings; in frequency distribution and median/percentiles
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examples of ordinal measurement
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variables refer to quantities of units of a continuum; distance between variables is meaningful
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interval measurements
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temperature in degrees F or C, dates (year), IQ; frequency distribution, median and percentiles, and mean/SD/r
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examples of interval measurements
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variables refers to quantities of units of a continuum; has an absolute zero
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ratio measurements
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annual salary, distance traveled in the 12 minute run test; body fat percentage ; frequency distribution, median and percentiles, mean/SD/r, and ratio
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examples of ratio measurements
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only measure things the way they are; don't try to manipulate things
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observational study
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if your hypothesis is causal (ex: change in fish oil will cause a change in blood pressure)
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experimental study
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data are collected in the future from groups (called cohorts) sharing common factors
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longitudinal study (prospective)
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data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time
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cross-sectional study
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the dependent variable depends, and in an experiment, it is the variable that is manipulated by the investigator
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independent variables
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outcome that is contingent upon the independent variable
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dependent variable
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association between two variables being linear or non-linear ; direction of a correlation and strength (absolute value) of the correlation represents "r" ; if anything is not linear, then start looking for outliers
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correlation
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degree to which a measure is free of error; consistent, or stable across a variety of conditions
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reliability
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correlation of scores measured by two different observers or raters
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interrater reliability
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reading an ambiguous scale, subjective assignment of quantitative scores (judging gymnastics, diving, figure skating), operating a stop watch
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examples of interrater reliability
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correlation of scores on a test given at two separate times; longer times require greater stability; affected by change and carry-over effects; alternate forms or split half reliability can address some of the problems
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test-retest reliability
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correlation of scores between two different versions of a test
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parallel forms reliability
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IQ tests, exam 3A vs. exam 3B
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examples of parallel forms reliability
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when a test consists of multiple items, do all items assess in the same dimension? also a function of the relationship between items on a scale and the numbers of items; cronbach's alpha
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internal consistency reliability
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extent to which stuff being administered is appropriate, meaningful and useful
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validity
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abstract concept made up of interrelated variables (honesty, intelligence, depression); results of measurement follow from the theory/hypothesis; results correlate with other, related measures
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construct validity
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property of a test such that the items sample the universe of items for which the test is designed
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content validity
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driving test, first aid certification, college quizzes and exams
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examples of content validity
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any variable one wants to "predict" by measuring another
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criterion validity
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SAT's predict college GPA; typing tests predict clerical "competence"; extraversion predicts sales totals
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examples of criterion validity
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deals with timing; how well does my test correlate with the outcomes of a similar test right now
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concurrent validity (under criterion)
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deals with timing; how well does my test predict performance on a similar measure in the future
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predictive validity (under criterion)
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negation of a claim; Ho is the skeptical choice; assuming to be true
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null hypothesis
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formal statement of the claim; H1 is assertive, positive
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research hypothesis
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refers to directional hypothesis (fish oils lowers BP); two tailed is non-directional stating something is equal or not equal
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one-sided hypothesis
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"F" and "T"; numbers determined from your data to perform something for your hypothesis test
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test statistic
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a value of the test statistic where it marks the region where you start to have the rejection zone
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critical value
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by the degrees of freedom, one or two-tailed test
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how is the critical value determine?
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alpha is 5%; represents the probability of getting a type one error
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level of significance
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the mistake of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; the null hypothesis is true and you reject (alpha)
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type one error
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mistake of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false; null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject (beta)
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type two error
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probability of getting a value more extreme than the test statistic by chance, assuming that they null hypothesis is actually true; probability of the test statistic occurring if the null hypothesis is true
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p-value
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we reject the null hypothesis
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if the p-value is less than the level of significance, then what do we do?
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zero
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the probability of making a type II error when the hypothesis is true is ....what?
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a special hypothesis test for comparing a sample to a population
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one sample z-test
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mue and the standard deviation of the population (slide 116 section 2)
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what information is needed about the population before performing a one sample z-test?
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a special hypothesis test that is used to determine if there is a significant difference between two groups
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t-test
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changes shape and degrees of freedom; independent t-test is dealing with paired data
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t-distribution
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represents the data you have depending on your data size
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degrees of freedom
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method for testing the hypothesis that three or more population means are equal
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ANOVA
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not equal is not symmetric; it is positively skewed; it changes shape with respect to degrees of freedom
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f-distribution
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it is found by using table b5
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how is the critical value found for "F"?
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the spread of each data point within its own group
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variance within samples
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used linear correlation coefficient as a test statistic; used table b4 as the critical value
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how do we test hypotheses concerning the linear correlation coefficient ?
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how spread out is the data in each group relative to its group mean; the spread of the group means
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variance between samples
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the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles; the ability of the muscles to use the available oxygen; MAJOR component to fitness
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aerobic fitness
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mortality rate
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a significant relationship between aerobic fitness and...what?
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oxygen consumption, power output, field tests, non-exercise approximations
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how to measure aerobic fitness?
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essential and storage fat
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two types of body fat are what?
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minimal amount of body fat needed for normal physiological functions; constitutes about 3-5% of total weight in men and 8-12% in women (can't function without)
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essential fat
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body fat in excess of essential fat; stored in adipose tissue
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storage fat
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DXA, MRI, CT scan(radiation)
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when measuring body composition, what are the direct techniques?
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involve looking inside the body and measuring the different tissues by volume (or area)
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direct techniques
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hydrostatic weighing, air displacement, skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, BMI, WC, WHR, girth measurements
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when measuring body composition, what are the indirect techniques?
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a variable that is cheap and easy to measure directly, and it can be used to estimate disease risk in adults
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resting heart rate
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5 day food diary
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which of the following approaches to assessing diet is most reactive
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any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure
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what is physical activity
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a sub-category of physical activity, that is planned structured, purposeful and repetitive
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exercise is what?
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30+ different instruments and/or methods; pros and cons of each, depending on what information you are trying to capture; characteristics assessed- frequency, intensity, duration
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how do you measure PA objectively?
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accelerometers, heart rate monitoring, pedometers, direct observation, GPS systems
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what tools can be used for self-reported PA?
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KIN 4310: Statistics