View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (90)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
KIN 4310: FINAL EXAM
an attempt to explain some basic observations before precise data has been rigorously collected and analyzed; an educated guess. |
Hypothesis
|
involves planning experiments measurement of data and the drawing conclusions from the data |
statistics
|
numerical quantity describing some characteristic of a sample of data |
statistic
|
mean, standard deviation, t-score, F, T, z, r |
examples of a statistic
|
numerical quantity describing some characteristic of a population |
parameter
|
collection of all things in which your hypothesis pertains |
population
|
an attempt to measure the amount of people in the population |
census
|
a sub-collection of elements the drawn from a population |
sample
|
set of tools describing the characteristics of the sample |
descriptive statistics
|
standard deviation, bimodal, positively skewed |
what are examples of descriptive statistics?
|
take a population, and from that you draw a sample and then you perform measurements (experiments), after that you sit there with a pile of data; given the tools, you will calculate the probability (p-value) then make an inference about that population-- used sample data to make inferences (or conclusions and predictions) about a sample; correlational or experimental designs |
inferential statistics
|
divided the population into sections (or clusters); randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from the selected clusters |
cluster
|
data or results that are easy to get |
convenience
|
the best because it eliminates the systemic biased; members of the population are selected in such a way that each individual member has an equal chance of being selected |
random
|
computer generated programs, draw straws, numbers out of a hat |
examples of random sampling
|
sub divided the population into at least two different subgroups, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum) |
stratified sampling
|
select some starting point and then select every nth element in the population |
systematic
|
a value at the center or middle of a data set |
measure of central tendency
|
mean, median, mode |
what are 3 types of central tendency
|
a measure of how each score in a group of scores differ from the mean of that set of scores (spread, dispersion) |
variability
|
variance, range, standard deviation |
what are 3 measures of variability
|
list data values (either individually or by groups of intervals), along with their corresponding frequencies or counts; you have a table of numbers, left column you bins, then you illustrate it using a histogram |
frequency distribution
|
mutually exclusive, unordered categories; can't put in typical order |
nominal measurement
|
gender, political affiliation, country of origin, movie genres; only in frequency |
examples of nominal measurement
|
characteristics that can be put in order, but there is no consistent difference between adjacent scores |
ordinal measurement
|
rank, olympic medal color, movie ratings; in frequency distribution and median/percentiles
|
examples of ordinal measurement
|
variables refer to quantities of units of a continuum; distance between variables is meaningful |
interval measurements
|
temperature in degrees F or C, dates (year), IQ; frequency distribution, median and percentiles, and mean/SD/r |
examples of interval measurements
|
variables refers to quantities of units of a continuum; has an absolute zero |
ratio measurements
|
annual salary, distance traveled in the 12 minute run test; body fat percentage ; frequency distribution, median and percentiles, mean/SD/r, and ratio |
examples of ratio measurements
|
only measure things the way they are; don't try to manipulate things |
observational study
|
if your hypothesis is causal (ex: change in fish oil will cause a change in blood pressure) |
experimental study
|
data are collected in the future from groups (called cohorts) sharing common factors |
longitudinal study (prospective)
|
data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time |
cross-sectional study
|
the dependent variable depends, and in an experiment, it is the variable that is manipulated by the investigator |
independent variables
|
outcome that is contingent upon the independent variable |
dependent variable
|
association between two variables being linear or non-linear ; direction of a correlation and strength (absolute value) of the correlation represents "r" ; if anything is not linear, then start looking for outliers |
correlation
|
degree to which a measure is free of error; consistent, or stable across a variety of conditions |
reliability
|
correlation of scores measured by two different observers or raters |
interrater reliability
|
reading an ambiguous scale, subjective assignment of quantitative scores (judging gymnastics, diving, figure skating), operating a stop watch |
examples of interrater reliability
|
correlation of scores on a test given at two separate times; longer times require greater stability; affected by change and carry-over effects; alternate forms or split half reliability can address some of the problems |
test-retest reliability
|
correlation of scores between two different versions of a test |
parallel forms reliability
|
IQ tests, exam 3A vs. exam 3B |
examples of parallel forms reliability
|
when a test consists of multiple items, do all items assess in the same dimension? also a function of the relationship between items on a scale and the numbers of items; cronbach's alpha |
internal consistency reliability
|
extent to which stuff being administered is appropriate, meaningful and useful |
validity
|
abstract concept made up of interrelated variables (honesty, intelligence, depression); results of measurement follow from the theory/hypothesis; results correlate with other, related measures |
construct validity
|
property of a test such that the items sample the universe of items for which the test is designed |
content validity
|
driving test, first aid certification, college quizzes and exams |
examples of content validity
|
any variable one wants to "predict" by measuring another |
criterion validity
|
SAT's predict college GPA; typing tests predict clerical "competence"; extraversion predicts sales totals |
examples of criterion validity
|
deals with timing; how well does my test correlate with the outcomes of a similar test right now |
concurrent validity (under criterion)
|
deals with timing; how well does my test predict performance on a similar measure in the future |
predictive validity (under criterion)
|
negation of a claim; Ho is the skeptical choice; assuming to be true |
null hypothesis
|
formal statement of the claim; H1 is assertive, positive |
research hypothesis
|
refers to directional hypothesis (fish oils lowers BP); two tailed is non-directional stating something is equal or not equal |
one-sided hypothesis
|
"F" and "T"; numbers determined from your data to perform something for your hypothesis test |
test statistic
|
a value of the test statistic where it marks the region where you start to have the rejection zone |
critical value
|
by the degrees of freedom, one or two-tailed test |
how is the critical value determine?
|
alpha is 5%; represents the probability of getting a type one error |
level of significance
|
the mistake of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; the null hypothesis is true and you reject (alpha) |
type one error
|
mistake of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false; null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject (beta) |
type two error
|
probability of getting a value more extreme than the test statistic by chance, assuming that they null hypothesis is actually true; probability of the test statistic occurring if the null hypothesis is true |
p-value
|
we reject the null hypothesis |
if the p-value is less than the level of significance, then what do we do?
|
zero |
the probability of making a type II error when the hypothesis is true is ....what?
|
a special hypothesis test for comparing a sample to a population |
one sample z-test
|
mue and the standard deviation of the population (slide 116 section 2) |
what information is needed about the population before performing a one sample z-test?
|
a special hypothesis test that is used to determine if there is a significant difference between two groups |
t-test
|
changes shape and degrees of freedom; independent t-test is dealing with paired data |
t-distribution
|
represents the data you have depending on your data size |
degrees of freedom
|
method for testing the hypothesis that three or more population means are equal |
ANOVA
|
not equal is not symmetric; it is positively skewed; it changes shape with respect to degrees of freedom |
f-distribution
|
it is found by using table b5 |
how is the critical value found for "F"?
|
the spread of each data point within its own group |
variance within samples
|
used linear correlation coefficient as a test statistic; used table b4 as the critical value |
how do we test hypotheses concerning the linear correlation coefficient ?
|
how spread out is the data in each group relative to its group mean; the spread of the group means |
variance between samples
|
the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles; the ability of the muscles to use the available oxygen; MAJOR component to fitness |
aerobic fitness
|
mortality rate |
a significant relationship between aerobic fitness and...what?
|
oxygen consumption, power output, field tests, non-exercise approximations |
how to measure aerobic fitness?
|
essential and storage fat |
two types of body fat are what?
|
minimal amount of body fat needed for normal physiological functions; constitutes about 3-5% of total weight in men and 8-12% in women (can't function without) |
essential fat
|
body fat in excess of essential fat; stored in adipose tissue |
storage fat
|
DXA, MRI, CT scan(radiation) |
when measuring body composition, what are the direct techniques?
|
involve looking inside the body and measuring the different tissues by volume (or area) |
direct techniques
|
hydrostatic weighing, air displacement, skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, BMI, WC, WHR, girth measurements |
when measuring body composition, what are the indirect techniques?
|
a variable that is cheap and easy to measure directly, and it can be used to estimate disease risk in adults |
resting heart rate
|
5 day food diary |
which of the following approaches to assessing diet is most reactive
|
any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure |
what is physical activity
|
a sub-category of physical activity, that is planned structured, purposeful and repetitive |
exercise is what?
|
30+ different instruments and/or methods; pros and cons of each, depending on what information you are trying to capture; characteristics assessed- frequency, intensity, duration |
how do you measure PA objectively?
|
accelerometers, heart rate monitoring, pedometers, direct observation, GPS systems |
what tools can be used for self-reported PA?
|