102 Cards in this Set
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Memory
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Information processing system that works constructively to encode, store and retrieve information
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Memory function
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Parsimonious- store only what we need
Illusion- false, conceiving memory
Reconstructive- undergoes changes as it is processed, an interpretive system
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Atkinson and Shriffen mode
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Sensory register- sensory info enters memory
Short-term - working memory, receives and holds memory from sensory and long term
Long term- short term that is rehearsed
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Span
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How much info system can hold
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Duration
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How long system can hold info
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Large span
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Much info enters through the senses
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Sensory
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Very brief storage of perceptual info
Iconic(visual)- lasts 1 second
Echoic(auditory)- lasts several seconds
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Working memory
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Mental work space that sorts and encodes info before adding it to more permanent storage
Limited duration- 30 seconds
Limited capacity- 7 +- 2 pieces of info (George a miller)
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Selective attention
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We focus on some things and ignore others
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Cocktail party effect
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Filtering out then refocusing on background info when it is personally relevant
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Perceptual load mode
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Ability to filter out background info varies depending upon how much of our attention is demanded to current focus
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Shifting attention( multi tasking)
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Rapid switching of attention from one task to another
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Chunking
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Organizing information into meaningful grouping to extend the span of short term memory
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Rehearsal
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Repeating info to extend duration
Maintenance- repeating stimuli in the original form
Elaborate- linking stimuli in meaningful ways, connecting new to old
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Long term memory
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Permanent storage of info, very large capacity. Permastore
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Explicit (declarative) memory
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Accessible to conscious awareness, recalled intentionally
Semantic memory- general knowledge, meaning of words
Episodic memory- knowledge of events in life
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Implicit memory
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Automatic remembrance. No effort
Conditioning memories
Procedural- motor skills and habits
Priming- exposure to stimulus associations without awareness
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Encoding
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Getting info into LTM
Selection, Identification, labeling, and elaboration
Structural->phonic->semantic
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Consolidation
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Stabilizing or solidifying a memory - helped by sleep
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Storage
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Retention of encoded material over time
Hierarchies, schemas, associative networks
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Retrieval
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Location of recovery, and reconstruction of stored info
Depends upon hoe memories were included, for how they are retrieved
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Recognition
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Identifying previous remembered info from an array of options
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Recall
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Reproducing previously presented info
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Context dependent learning
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Retrieval is better when the external context of the original memory matches the retrieval context
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State dependent learning
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Retrieval is better when in the same internal state as when encoding
Mood congruent memory
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Patient HM
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Surgery. Lost parts of brain. Couldn't for explicit memories lost whatever he learned
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Amygdala and hippocampus
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Involve emotion and episodic memory
Emotions help encode memory
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Long term potential
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Neurons fire together. Repeated leading to increased NT and size and number
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PKM Zeta
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Enzyme that maintains permanent connection between neurons
Allow retrieval of longneck ago memories
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Norepinephrine epinephrine and cortisol
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Memory formation, arousal, and activation on amygdaloid
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Cortisol stress
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Medium amount of stress equals peak remembrance
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Estrogen
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Maintains synapses, women loose at menopause
Leads to memory
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Amnesia
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Loss of memory following head injury
Retrograde- retrieval problem
Anterograde- encoding problem
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Dementia
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Mental deterioration, episodic and semantic memories targeted
Confusion
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Alzheimer's
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Buildup of proteins and plaques kill cels.
Bundles block neural transmissions
Tau break down
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Decay
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Memories fade over time unless they are used
Rehearsal - STM
Retrieval- LTM
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Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
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Meaningless material decays rapidly, then reaches a plateau, after which little is forgotten
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Interference
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One item prevents is from forming a robust memory for another item
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Proactive interference
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Old memory disrupts remembering new
New phone number, call old one
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Retroactive interference
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New info prevents recall of old
New phone number. Can't remember old
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Serial position effects
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Likelihood of remberance is based on its position in a series. Easy to recall something when you know what's before and after
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Recency effect
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Relative ease of recall in last items of series. Retained in STM
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Primacy effect
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Relative ease of delayed recall of first items of series. Transferred to LTM first
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encoding failure
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Info never encoded for LTM. Not paying attention
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Consolidation failure
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Info was encoded but not stored, loss of consciousness
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Failure of retrieval (Blocking)
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Inadequate retrieval queues. Tip of tongue phenomenon
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Distortion
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Memory is reconstructive storage of new info is influenced by existing info
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Suppression
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Intentionally putting an event or info out of mind so not to remember it
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Repression
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Non intentionally putting info or event out of mind to not to remember it
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Instinct theory
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Fixed action- unlearned innate stereotypical behaviors seen across whole species
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Drive theory
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State of low tension is optimal. Unpleasant causes drive to reduce to return to peace
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Homeostasis
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Body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition for survival
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Drive reduction Theory
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Habits learned patterns of behavior. Reducing is reinforcement
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Arousal theory
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State of alertness and mental activation. Motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness
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Yerkes- Dodson law
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Moderate level of arousal leads to optimal performance
High arousal for simple task excited
Low arousal for complex tasks relaxed
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Needs theory (Henry Murray)
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Primary needs (those for life)
Secondary needs (psychogenic- achievement power affiliation)
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Achievement motivation
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Desire to do well to feel pleasure in overcoming difficulty
High need = high performance , persistence self control
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Maslows hierarchy of needs
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Physiological->safety-> belonging-> esteem
Deficiency. Lack of something needs to fur fill
Growth - not for survival but self enhancement
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John bowlby
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Need for the attachment bond is as basic in if any as the need for food
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Competence
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Feeling effective in ones interactions with the environment
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Relatedness
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Feeling connect to caring for and being cared about
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Autonomy
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Feeling the like the origin of ones own behavior
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Intrinsic motivation
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Performance of an activity for its inherent satisfaction. Pleasure, mastery
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Performance of an activity to obtain external rewards or goals
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Pepper, Greene, and Nesbit
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3 groups of children drawing, less likely to like something if doing it extrinsically
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Over justification effect
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External rewards undermine intrinsic motivation when controlled by the rewards
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Emotion
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Brief accurate change that occurs in a personally meaningful situation
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4 components of emotion
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Feelings(conscious)
Body(physiological arousal
Thoughts (cognitive interpretation)
Actions(behavioral expression
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Moods
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Long lasting states that operate in the background of consciousness make certain emotions more likely to occur
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Affective traits
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Stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses
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Universal
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Common to all human beings
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Culturally determined
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Expressions vary across cultures
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Discrete emotions theory
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Humans experience a small number of universal basic emotions
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Universal expressions
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Sadness, joy, disgust, anger, fear, surprise
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Duchenne smile
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Upward turning of mouth, dropping of eyelids and crinkling of eyes
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Pan am smile
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Fake smile only with mouth
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Self conscious emotions
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Emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to expectations
Shame guilt pride
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Display rule
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Cultural norms that dictate how when and where emotions are expressed
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Evolutionary adaptation
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Negative emotions - spark reactions and mobilize the body to carry them out
Positive - motivate reward seeking
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Broaden and build theory
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Negative promote narrow survival cognition
Positive broaden awareness and encourage exploratory thoughts
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Lazarus emotion theory
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Events are responded to first with interpretation
Appraisal determines what emotion is used
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Schachter and singer
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Miss attribution of aroudal. Associate changes to something that didn't cause them, something else did. Bridge crossing
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Facial feedback effect
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Facial expressions influence emotion experienced
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Empathy
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Ability to understand another's perspective from the inside
Social awareness- recognition of social cues
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Alexithymia
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Difficulty identifying or distinguishing feelings
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Situationism
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Behavior and attitudes are caused by the social environment
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Dispositionism
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Behavior and attitudes are caused by internal factors
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5 factor theory
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Traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analysis of personality matters
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Extraversion
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Sociability vs dominance
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Neuroticism
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Negative emotionality
Anxious vs calm
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Agreeableness
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Social harmony
Trusting vs suspicious
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Openness to experience
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Novelty creative vs conventional
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Behavioral approach system
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Tendency to move toward incentives(reward seeking)
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Behavioral inhibition system
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Tendency to withdraw from risks and Threats
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Sensation seeking
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Tendency to seek out new varied intense experiences
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Quantitative trait loci
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Identifying genetic markers for specific personality characteristics
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Longitudinal studies
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Assess individuals from infancy into adulthood to identify maturational personality patterns
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Temperament
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Inherited pattern of personality that appears early in development and remains stable through life
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Thomas and chess temperament styles
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Easy- relaxed regular active
Difficult - iterative, reactive, frustrated
Slow to warm- adjusts gradually
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Inhibited
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Unable to act in a relaxed and natural way because of self conscious or mental restraint
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Uninhibited
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Expressing ones feelings or thoughts unselfconsciously and without restraint
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Konrad Lorenz
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Imprinting - ducks follow around large moving object right after birth
More likely to survive
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PSY 0010: CHAPTER 7