CDIS 3413: EXAM 2
42 Cards in this Set
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Research Design
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A plan that includes protocols for selecting participants, controlling extraneous variables, implementing treatments, observing variables, and ensuring ethical procedures.
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Hypothesis
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A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or clinical problem that can be investigated.
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Population of Interest
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Consists of all possible individuals who have at least one characteristic in common. For example, adults with aphasia includes every individual who is adult and manifests aphasia.
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Sample
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A set of data that represents only a part of the population.
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Convenience Sampling
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Selects participants from the pool of individuals that are available because of their close geographic proximity or other reasons.
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Stratified Sampling
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Divides the target population into a number of non-overlapping sub-populations, also known as strata.
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Representative Sample
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Includes individuals from each consistency in the target population, including women and ethnic minorities.
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Power
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Is the ability of a research study to detect significant treatment effects when they are present.
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Single-group designs
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Involved observing one group of participants in two or more conditions. Participants act as their own comparison. No outside comparison group.
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Pretest/Postests Design
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Most common single-group research design.
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Two-group Designs
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Include observations of two groups of participants at different levels of the independent variable.
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Parallel Design
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Participants are assigned to one of two groups. One group receives the treatment, while the second group serves as the control or comparison group.
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Crossover Design
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Participants alternate between treatment and control conditions, with each participant acting as his or her own control.
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Qualitative Research
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Ways of finding out what people do, know, think, and feel by observing, interviewing, and analyzing documents.
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Quantitative Research
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Answers and generalize findings to a broader populace. Numbers and statistics. Include surveys.
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Triangulation
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Used to describe efforts to corroborate the validity and reliability of observations and methods. Involves comparing and contrasting data that are collected at different times, by different methods, and in different locations.
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Ethnographic Research
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Focusing on a culture of people. Roots in anthropology. Participant observation (outsider or insider). In-depth interviews, focus groups, document analysis, triangulation, video/audio.
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Outsider
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An ethnographer who studies the culture of medical speech-language pathologists with no speech-language pathology training.
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Insider
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An ethnographer who conducts the same study with speech-language pathology credentials.
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Phenomenology
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A school of thought that focuses on individual's experiences, perspectives, and unique interpretations of the world. Seek to understand how the world appears.
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Field Research
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A broad approach to qualitative research that is characterized by observations of phenomena in their natural state or context.
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Grounded Theory
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Aims to develop theories about the phenomenon of interest that are firmly grounded in observation.
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Kinesic Analysis
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Examines what is communicated through these nonverbal movements, postures, and gestures.
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Direct Observation
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Entails detailed and systematic observations of persons, locations, events, or topics of interest without the researcher's intrusion or participation in the scene.
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Focus Group
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Small groups of people who focus on a specific topic. Typically 6 to 10 people with similar backgrounds who participate in the interview for one to two hours.
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Credibility in Qualitative Data
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The criterion used for evaluating the believability of results.
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Transferability in Qualitative Data
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The extent to which results can be transferred from a study to other persons, locations, events, or other contexts.
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Explore
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To investigate systematically; to make a careful examination or search.
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Simple Case Design
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Usually a thorough description of one or more children or adults. Rich descriptions rather than numbers and statistics.
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Baseline/Treatment Phase
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To described the extent of the individual's problem or status of the target behavior as it naturally occurs. To predict future behavior if intervention is not provided.
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Replication
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In single case designs it involves repeating the experiment with different participants but with the same conditions.
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Visual Inspection
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To conclude that a treatment is effective in a single case design. Is the initial choice of most because it is easily graphed, and changes in the DV are readily apparent.
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Observe
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To contemplate, detect, discern, discover, distinguish, examine, inspect, perceive, recognize, study, survey, view.
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Nonexperimental Design
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When there is no control group or multiple measurements, and the purpose is something other than determining cause and effect.
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Historical Research
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A nonexperimental method that collects data for analysis from existing records.
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Correlational Research
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Examine the degree of a relationship between two or more quantifiable variables.
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Developmental Research
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A nonexperimental approach that measures behaviors over a specific period of time.
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Survey Research
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Another nonexperimental design with unique applications in communication disorders research.
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Longitudinal Study
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A family of designs that observe the same subjects over some extended period of time. Typically one year or more in length.
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Cross-sectional research
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Lessens the threat of participant loss and reduces cost. Includes several different groups of participants. Time period as short as one day or as long as several months.
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Semi-longitudinal research
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Combine features of the longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches. Requires more time to complete and includes two or more groups of participants.
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Simple Random Sampling
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Identify the members of the populations and randomly select a sample of members from the population
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CDIS 3413: EXAM 2