CDIS 4313: FINAL EXAM
69 Cards in this Set
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Sound
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-a potentially audible disturbance of a medium produced by vibrating source.
-A source of energy sets the source into motion - the vibrating source creates a disturbance - a medium transmits the disturbance - if the disturbance is audible, there is sound.
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Disturbance of Air Molecules
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-Compression(positive): increase in air pressure
-Rarefaction (negative): decrease in air pressure
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Longitudinal Wave
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-sound follows longitudinal wave
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Visualization of Sound Wave
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-Y: amplitude
-X: time
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Frequency
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f = # of cycles/seconds
-measured in Hz
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Period
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t = 1/f
-measured in seconds
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Wavelength
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wavelength = 340/f
-measured in meters
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Amplitude
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-amount of pressure change
-dB SPL (sound pressure level)
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Pure Tone
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-Only one frequency
-sine waves
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Complex Tone
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-A sound wave consisting of more than two frequencies
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Harmonics
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-integer multiple of fundamental frequency
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Fundamental Frequency
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-lowest sound
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Periodic Sound
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-wave in which each cycle takes the same amount of time to occur
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Aperiodic Sound
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-wave in which cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur
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Loundness
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-psychological aspects of sound pressure level (amplitude)
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Pitch
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-psychological aspect of frequency
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Units of Measure
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-SPL = 20 uPa (pressure reference)
-IL = 10-16 watts/cm2 (power reference)
-double the pressure - 6dB SPL
-double the power - 3 dB IL
-10x the pressure - 20 dB
-10x the power - 10 dB
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How to Represent Sounds
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-Waveform: X= time, Y= amplitude
-Spectrum: X= frequency, Y= amplitude
-Spectrogram: X= time, Y= frequency
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Resonance
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-An acoustic resonator does NOT add or delete certain frequencies, however an acoustic resonator works as a filter by amplifying frequencies that are close to the acoustic resonator's resonant frequency, and reducing frequencies that are farther away from the acoustic resonator's resonant…
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Respiration of Speech
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Tidal breathing vs Speech breathing
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Speech Breathing
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-requires the use of muscles for both inhalation and exhalation.
-There is not a balanced relationship b/w inhaling and exhaling
-10% inhale, 90% exhale
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Tidal Breathing
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-requires the use of muscles for inhalation, but does not require the muscle for exhalation, thus it is passive
-There is a pretty balanced relationship b/w I and E
-40% inhale, 60% exhale
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Respiration for Speech
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-3 to 5 cm H2O pressure difference will make the VF open and vibrate (just breathing)
-7 to 10 cm H2O for conversational speech
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Checking Action
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-maintain the constant airflow (subglottal air pressure) using inspiratory and expiratory muscles
-regulate airflow
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Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory (part 1)
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-In order to produce and vibration, the VF must close. This is initiated by the lateral cricoaryteniod muscle & the interarytenoid muscles pulling the VF together. This is called medial compression.
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MAT (part 2)
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-Due to the VF being closed, subglottal air pressure begins to build & increases.
-Eventually there is enough pressure to force the VF apart.
-The VF then come back together due to 2 different forces.
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MAT (part 3)
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-1st, the VF begin to recoil back to the midline due to the natural elasticity of the VF.
-As the VF come together they create a narrow passageway.
-As the air flows through the narrow passageway of the VF, velocity increases & pressure decreases.
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MAT (part 4)
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-This decrease in air pressure helps to pull the VF together completely.
-Thus the cycle of VF opening and closing for phonation will continue due to the subglottal air pressure increasing again once the VF are pulled together.
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Multi-Mass Theory
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-complex vibration arises from mass difference
-multi-mass
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Fundamental Frequency
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-Children: 250-300 Hz
-Female: 180-250 Hz
-Male: 80-150 Hz
-the more massive the VF the lower the Fundamental Frequency
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Glottal Spectrum
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-Octave: a doubling of freq
-a decrease of 12 dB per octave
-octave: 100 - freq: 100 dB
-octave: 200 - freq: 88 dB
-octave: 400 - freq: 76 dB
-octave: 800 - freq: 64 dB
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How to Change Pitch
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-increase tension, increase pitch
-decrease tension, decrease pitch
-contract thyrovocalis increases pitch
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How to Change Intensity
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-greater pressure, greater intensity
-pressure is the driving force of intensity
-to make louder production close VF more tightly - more force is needed to blow VF apart
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Tension
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-gross adjustment by cricothyroid = lengthening
-fine adjustment by thyrovocalis = tensing
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Vocal Register
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-Modal register: normal
-Pulse register: lowest Fund Freq
-Falsetto: highest Fund Freq
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Jitter
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-cycle-to-cycle variability in vocal frequency
-lower the jitter the better
-anything below 0.5% is normal
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Shimmer
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-cycle-to-cycle variability in vocal amplitude
-lower the shimmer the better
-values below 0.5 dB are normal
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HNR
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-harmony-to-noise ratio
-the higher the ratio the better
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NHR
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-noise-to-harmony ratio
-the lower the better
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EGG
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-electroglottographic
-not invasive (adv)
-can't tell if really closed (dis)
-tells when VF are opened or closed
-use closed quotient (CQ = CP/P) (CP= closed phase, P= period of cycle)
-closing is abrupt
-opening is gradual
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T/F
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Levator veli palatini muscle is related to velopharyngeal port closing.
TRUE; it open and closes the Eustachian Tubes
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Source Filter Theory
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Source: phonation @ the glottis
Filter: vocal tract resonator
Source-filter theory is the theory that explains how phonation @ the glottis travels thru the vocal tract, depending on where the articulators are placed, changes how the vowels are produced
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Source-Filter Theory Example
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An average healthy male's vocal tract is 17cm in length. The vocal tract is a quarter-wave resonator. If he produced the vowel sound /ə/, you can calculate the first 3 formants of the phonation
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Example cont'd
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-17x4=68 - 68cm total wavelenth of /ə/
-68cm/34,000cm (speed of sound converted into cm from m) = 500 Hz = f1
-Then you can calculate f2 and f3 based on odd multiples.
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Narrow Band
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-for spectrogram
-can see actual fund freq and harmonics
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Wide Band
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-for spectrogram
-time is well represented
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Vowel Features
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-all voiced
-relatively open vocal tract
-tongue height/advancement
-tense/lax
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/i/
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F1 - 270
F2- 2290
F3- 3010
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/I/
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F1- 390
F2- 1990
F3- 2550
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/back 3
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F1- 530
F2- 1840
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/ae/
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F1- 660
F2- 1720
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/u/
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F1- 300
F2- 870
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/hook/
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F1 440
F2- 1020
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/a/
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F1- 730
F2- 1090
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/upside down e/
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F1- 640
F2- 1190
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Roundedness
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-formants become lower
-lengthen vocal tract
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Glides and Diphthong
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-show transition (very short for glides)
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Consonant Classification
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Manner of Articulation: nasal, fricative, affricate, stop, liquid
Place of Articulation: bilabial, labiodental, linguadental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Voicing: voiced, voiceless
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Stops
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/p, b, t, d, k, g/
-silent gap, release burst, VOT
-voiced: shorter VOT
-voiceless: longer VOT
-bilabial: greater energy @ lower freq
-alveolar: greater energy @ higher freq
-velar: greater energy @ mid freq
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Fricatives
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/s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ, f, v, h/
-frication
-white noise
-alveolar and palatal have stronger amplitude
-interdental and labiodental have a weaker amplitude
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Affricates
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/tʃ, dʒ/
-combo of stops and fricatives
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Nasals
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/m, n, ŋ/
-whiter area = anti-formant
-low freq energy concentration for nasal sounds are around 300 Hz = nasal murmur
-velum is lowered so resonance can be made in nasal cavity
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Liquids
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/l, r/
-quick transition to formants
-F2 and F3 are close (for /r/)
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Coarticulation
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-sounds that are produced in overlapping manner
example: /k/ + /a/ = oral cavity open; /k/ + /i/ = oral cavity restricted
-the vowels influence the consonant
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Intonation
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-refers to the way in which speakers vary their F0 levels to signal linguistic aspects of speech, such as the type of utterance (declarative, question, etc)
-pitch rate
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Stress
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-involves the frequency, intensity and duration of a syllable or word in a way that highlights a particular portion of the utterance
-Lexical stress- stress that's on the word (i.e. PERmit, perMIT)
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Segmentation
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-variability in production
-invariant characteristic: speech different everyday
-dynamic info: you have to be dynamic to understand and recognize the differences in sounds, but have the same meaning
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Categorical Perception
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-read book
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Feedback and Feedforward
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-feedforward: brain to muscles
-feedback - muscles to brain (downside: cannot make correction when not speaking)
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CDIS 4313: FINAL EXAM