89 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Anciencent Greece
|
-Developed the first documented civilization with an appreciation of sport, PE, and fitness.
-First dominant culture in Europe.
*The idea of school-based PE was developed.
*An appreciation of physically fit body was idealized.
*Ideas were developed about how to get fit.
*Exercise/PE …
|
|
Homer's Illiad and Odyssey
|
Earliest written descriptions of athletic competition. Probably fiction, but was believed to be based/grounded in Greek traditions and culture.
|
|
Illiad
|
Story of Trojan War—Greeks vs. Trojans.
*Describes "Funeral games Patroclus" where competitions were held including chariot races, boxing, wrestling, footraces, duels with spears, discus, archery, and javelin.
|
|
Odyssey
|
Adventures of Odysseys during his return from the Trojan War.
*Included description of him throwing the discus to demonstrate his greatness.
*Physical prowess as a valued characteristics of Greek athletes.
|
|
What do Illiad and Odyssey's stories tell us about Greece?
|
*Sport connected to religious/cultural practices.
-They valued athleticism.
-Describe some events that were around during that time: origins of track & field, hand-to-hand combat, domestication of horse racing.
|
|
Athlete
|
A Greek word related to "athlos" (contest) and "athlon" (prize).
______=one who competes for a prize.
|
|
Greek Ideal
|
Unity of the "man of action" and "man of wisdom."
|
|
Two important Greek city-states
|
Sparta and Athens.
|
|
Sparta
|
*Military dominant Greek city-state.
-Emphasis and discipline and service to the people/government. Children would be left to die if they were physically insufficient.
-Dominated Olympic competitions because of army training/fitness of soldiers who competed in olympic games.
|
|
Sparta Education
|
*Boys began their education (training for military) at age 7.
*Physical fitness/conditioning included: running, jumping, swimming, wrestling, boxing, discus, javelin, & Pankration(wresting & boxing "anything goes" hand-t0-hand combat event).
*Girls were involved in their own way. Did r…
|
|
Athens Education
|
*Upper class boys attended schools that included both academics (music, math, literature) as well as what was PE. During part of the day, students went to the Palaestra.
|
|
Palaestra
|
Greek wrestling or gymnastic school.
|
|
Paidotribes
|
Fitness trainer in Ancient Greece. They were involved with training athletes.
|
|
Gymnasium
|
Government sponsored places where upper class men engaged in physical training to maintain fitness in the event of war.
|
|
Ancient Olympics (Greece)
|
*Festivals honoring the Gods were regular events in Greek culture.
-Held every 4 years in late summer. Always held at Olympia.
*It was not like a city, but more like a RELIGIOUS sanctuary, in honor of Zeus.
|
|
Ancient Olympics (Competitors and Winners)
|
•Competitors: Greek males who spoke the same language with the same religious beliefs.
-Main competitors were upper class men who took an oath of fair play & that they trained for at least 10 months, Last month they trained at Olympia with the other athletes.
• Athletes competed NUDE
…
|
|
What would you get if you won the Ancient Olympics?
|
*Wreath of olive was the physical award.
*Fame=parades, banquets, special privileges, statues, poems, coins. Also common for winners to receive money and other material awards from home— so much so that Olympic winners could be assured of great wealth and fame.
|
|
Stade Race (Olympics)
|
•First 13 Olympics had one athletic even which was ______.
•Around 200 meters long.
•1st race was won by Koroibos, a cook from Elis.
|
|
5 day program (Olympics)
|
Gradually other events were added to the Olympics turning it into a ______.
|
|
Chariot & Horse Races (Olympics)
|
•Owners were wealthy, and the olive wreath.
•Races were 12 laps around the stadium track (approx. 9 miles)
•2 and 4 horse teams.
|
|
Wrestling & Boxing (Olympics)
|
•No gloves, although hands were wrapped in leather.
•Pankration (boxing and wrestling)
•"Anything goes"
|
|
Footraces (Olympics)
|
•Varied between 200 meters, 400 meters, and 4800 meters.
•Had to race in armor.
|
|
*Pentathlon (Olympics)
|
•Winer of this event was considered best all around athlete.
•Consisted of Discus throw, Javelin throw, Long jump, Stade race, Wrestling.
|
|
Later on the emphasis changed in the Olympics from ___ to ___.
|
*Religious to Winning.
•In early years, Olympics were local men often soldiers. Emphasis was on competing, celebrating Zeus (RELIGIOUS EMPHASIS).
•Later, WINNING became more important.
|
|
Development of potential future Olympics..
|
• Athletes were trained specifically for events.
•Boys who showed promise were trained early by tutors (past coaches)
|
|
The Olympics began to change, there was an increase in...
|
Professionalism of athletes.
•They also began to have cheating, bribery, and corruption.
|
|
Herean Games (Olympics for women)
|
•Women could not compete in the Olympics or other major festivals, they had a separate game called _________. (In honor of Zeus' wide, Hera)
•Mostly composed of footraces and took place every 4 years.
•Only for unmarried women, divided into age groups.
|
|
ROME ends pagan religious festivals
|
_____ came into power, overthrowing the Greeks.
• Increase in professionalism. There was lots of cheating bribery, etc.
• Rome ends pagan religious festivals (honoring their gods)
•Roman rulers ordered destruction of all places dedicated to Greek Gods. Official religion of Rome was C…
|
|
Greece culture (From quiz)
|
*Olympics
*Paidotribes
*Sports as an extension of religious practices
*Track & Field
*Palaestra
|
|
Greece
|
*Philosophical ideas about fitness and sport.
*Concept of PE.
*Exercise and sport professionals
*Sport connected to RELIGION.
*Organized system of competition.
|
|
Ancient Rome
|
(Gladiatorial games contributed...)
*Sport as ENTERTAINMENT.
*Sport as an industry.
*Sport Management.
*Sport connected to politics.
*Dichotomous perspective of athletes (2 different ways/perspectives)
|
|
Rome
|
______ trailed Greece by around 700 years as the dominant culture in Europe.
•"Borrowed" much of its culture from Greece.
•Aspects of this European time span was called the Greco-Roman period.
•Sought to gradually overcome surrounding cultures through military force.
|
|
Rome was a class based society.
|
•Patrician class—held powerful positions in Rome.
•Plebeians—worked for patricians as farmers, craftsmen, and laborers.
|
|
Rome was governed at first by ______ then ______.
|
*Senate then Emperors.
•Selected from the patrician class, King was selected by the senate. Senate lost power and the Emperors became absolute power.
•Julius Caesar was the first.
-He was a general in the army; had a huge support system. Led them in a civil war and won. Had the senate…
|
|
Roman contribution to Sport..
|
Revolved around GLADIATORS and the gladiatorial shows/games put on.
|
|
Rome's Gladiator contests were held at the
|
Coliseum.
• Had festivals for those who died in honor of them.
• Built structures to have the games in; for it to become a spectator sport.
|
|
Rome's chariot races were held at the Circus Maximus
|
•Around 600 yards x 200 yards.
•Races were 2-4 miles in length (several laps around track)
•Involved casualties and death.
|
|
Gladiators
|
•Had a religious tradition (funeral ceremonies)
•Became part of Roman traditions—public ceremonies to remember the death of a significant person.
•Shows (with _____ as main attraction)—the preferred vehicle to gain public support/political influence—Became part of a regular event.
•Sho…
|
|
Gladiators in the Roman Olympic games were
|
*Slaves
*Prisoners of war
*Criminals
*Lowest in society
*Considered unclean, vicious, untrustworthy
*Unaccepted in society.
|
|
Lanista
|
Gladiators were owned & trained by a _____.
|
|
Ludus
|
Gladiator teachers (Lanista) ran special schools called____.
|
|
Facts about Gladiators:
|
•Trained how to fight well, using specific equipment and strategies. Difficult training..
•2-3 matches a year
•Could earn freedom if they survived 3 to 5 years of combat. (Prove themselves by fighting)
•They were considered investments to their owners and received good nutrition, medic…
|
|
Bestarii
(What a spectator might see at a show)
|
•Was held in the morning, gladiators fighting animals. (Lions, tigers, giraffes, elephants, etc.)
•Brining in exotic animals proved Rome's far-reaching power and demonstration of its wealth.
|
|
Public Executions
(What a spectator might see at a show)
|
•Lunchtime; criminals were executed during this time; burning and crucifixion were common execution styles.
-Most people didn't like this part of the show so they went to lunch during it.
|
|
Gladiator contests
(What a spectator might see at a show)
|
•Held after lunch.
•Armors and weapons associated with defeated armies—didn't chose their weapons at first.
|
|
Gladiators place in Roman society:
|
•Pop stars, a folk hero.
•Praised by poets.
•Gambling industry based on contests.
•Successful gladiators were valued because of being good at fighting.
•On the other hand, what they did was gory.
|
|
Massachusetts
|
•Service to God, had strong religious beliefs.
•No play or idleness
•Conservative beliefs prevented sport from happening.
•Valued work & sport was connected to gambling.
•1657-1786 several laws were passed banning soccer, gambling, horse racing, & any Sunday activities.
•**Strong de…
|
|
Boston Latin (Massachusetts)
|
In 1635 ______ school was the 1st public school for children in the US. (Free public school)
|
|
Harvard (Massachusetts)
|
In 1636 _____ was the 1st university in the US (Private, elite).
•It was a conservative, educational centered.
|
|
New York
|
•Was a large port city that many immigrants came to.
•*They were Rowdy, NOT conservative.
•Liberal & open to sporting ideas.
•Set an early precedent for sport.
-Birthplace of horse racing.
|
|
Horse racing (New York)
|
In 1664, the governor organized the first formal _____.
•The race area was set aside for regular horse races.
•They charged for attendance and prizes were awarded.
|
|
Southern Colonies—Virginia & Maryland
|
•Colonists were wealth seekers.
•Continued European lives in the New World.
•Built large estates, farmed, brought over slaves.
•Established class-based society.
•Rich land owners, working class, and slave class.
|
|
Boxing and Horse racing
|
•Was the 1st recognized sports in the U.S.
•Attended by the wealthy white people.
•Black athletes & white spectators.
|
|
Upper class European sports:
|
•Cricket
•Rugby
•Soccer
*Team sports popularized at private boy's boarding schools.
|
|
Lower class European sports:
|
•Boxing
•Soccer
•Cockfighting (gambling)
|
|
British philosophy of sport:
|
•Sport builds character
•Sports as part of education
•Interscholastic sport—boys would play on teams representing their school.
-Using the "Sport builds character" idea, they would learn teamwork, cooperation.
•British Amateur sport Ideal:
-Playing for the sake of playing (as opposed…
|
|
Golf (British sport)
|
•_____was a game English immigrants brought over to the US, it shows some quality of British sport.
|
|
Golfe
|
•Scottish game where modern game got its origins from.
•Popularized by ruling class (became a game of royalty)
**Viewed as appropriate for BOTH men & women.
-Mary Queen of Scots played this sport.
-Catherine of Aragon (Wife of Henry VIII) also played.
|
|
St Andrew's Royal & Ancient golf club
|
•Around the 1700's the _______ was established.
•Was the unofficial center for golf.
•Published the first rules of golf.
-Established 18 holes per round as standard, Changed match play to stroke play for scoring.
•Golfers were using hand-made wooden clubs, metal head clubs eventual…
|
|
London
|
The first golf club that was outside of Scotland was ______ in 1766.
|
|
Revolutionary War
|
In the late 1700's, American colonies were entering ______. Germany was creating a new fitness movement called Gymnastics.
|
|
1797—The Philanthropinum—Johann Basedow
|
• Lead the way to the inclusion of P.E. in schools, opened the *Philanthropinum.
• First generated the idea that the curriculum should be based on his EDUCATIONAL ideas and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY should be a component of schooling.
• ______ hired Johann Simon to teach the subject.
-Greek Gy…
|
|
Johann Simon (Gymnastics teacher hired by Johann Basedow)
|
Boys did: Track & field like exercises,wrestling, apparatus (balance beams, ropes, swings)
• Introduced Greek gymnastics- running, jumping, balance beam, etc. He called it his "system of exercise."
|
|
Johann Gutsmuths writes..
|
• Gymnastics for the young
• Games and Exercise for the body and spirit.
|
|
Freidrich Jahn (Father of Gymnastics)
|
• Creates a fitness revolution with a political agenda.
•Former solider in the German Army, He believed Germany needed a PATRIOTIC movement to restore their spirits & eventually regain their independence.
•He believed physical fitness was at the center of patriotism, and he recruited yo…
|
|
Turnplatz (Freidrich Jahn)
|
•German outdoor exercise area/gym.
|
|
Volksturnen (Freidrich Jahn)
|
"People's gymnastics"
•Emphasized using apparatus to build agility and strength—horizontal bars, balance beams, ropers, & ladders, vaulting horse.
|
|
Turnverein (Freidrich Jahn)
|
The Gymnastics movement
|
|
Turners (Freidrich Jahn)
|
People who did gymnastics.
|
|
PE
|
In the late 1700's and early 1800's ____ programs start and German gymnastics traditions influence our early ideas of fitness.
|
|
Gymnastics as part of the German culture:
|
• School-based physical education (gymnastics)
•Books on gymnastics
• Gymnastics for a healthy society.
|
|
Lacrosse & Field hockey traditions of Native Americans
|
•Primarily male game.
•French settlers gave it the name _____ (stick & ball game)
•Women played Shinny (______)
•Both games adopted by settlers in New England regions, and are still played today.
|
|
Round Hill School (Massachusetts)
|
•*First place we see PE in schools was in Massachusetts.
•_______, was in Northhampton, MA.
•*They hired Charles Beck as the 1st PE teacher, he was a former student of Freidrich Jahn.
|
|
Charles Follen (Harvard)
|
•*First PE faculty hired at a university.
•Former German immigrant and former student of Freidrich Jahn.
•Hired at Harvard, where he opened a gym there and began teaching German gymnastics.
•He was also very influential in opening the 1st public gym in US (Boston)—grew into an influent…
|
|
Muscular Christianity
|
•Becomes the dominant "fitness philosophy" of the time.
•Those who became leaders in promoting fitness at that time were educators, and many of them were religious people.
-Massachusetts was initially founded by people seeking religious freedom.
•1st fitness educators used "religion" …
|
|
Catherine Beecher (Muscular Christianity)
|
•She was a teacher that changed her life through exercise and was one of the 1st to be recognized as a fitness promotor or teacher.
•Teaches her students calisthenics, promotes exercise for women, and connected exercise to religious responsibility.
|
|
YMCA
|
•Connection between religion and exercise was taken to a new level by an organization opening in northern cities—the _______.
•Appeal to youth through sport and exercise.
•Mind-body-spirit—through exercise, youth can learn values, and heart the Christian word.
|
|
Dr Dioclesian (Gymnastics & Active bodies)
|
•He was a homeopathic physician, public speaker, fitness promoter, exercise leader.
•Exercise classes using beanbags, dumbbells, and, calisthenics.
•In 1861, He opened "Boston Normal Institute for PE" in Boston.
-Preparation of PE teachers—1st training of PE teachers
|
|
Horse Racing
|
•Popular in established cities.
•Gambling made it controversial.
•Banned in many Northern cities, became more popular in the south.
•Horse owners were rich
•Importing/Breeding/training of horses for racing.
-Slave jockeys and trainers.
|
|
Boxing in the Early 1800's
|
•Started among slaves using it as a form of recreation to survive the brutalities of their lives and it was perceived by the upper class as brutal.
•Controversial because of violence & gambling.
-Some areas ____ was legal, other areas held them in secret (warehouse, barns)
•Bare knuckl…
|
|
Tony Molyneaux (Boxing)
|
•He was a Virginia slave, given freedom from his owner for his boxing prowess.
•He was a noteworthy boxer and a traveling "professional"
•In 1809, He went to England—trained & fought, and lost to British champion Tom Cribb.
|
|
Baseball (America's sport)
|
•_____ is "invented" & popularized in the New York area. Sport in the US is changed from involving spectatorship to being participatory.
•The spread and perception as an American game later result in it being called "The National Pastime."
•Several variations of the stick & ball game: …
|
|
Alexander Cartwright & The Knickerbockers (Baseball)
|
•In 1845, Him and a group of friends play first official baseball game in New Jersey.
•They established the rules for playing.
•Moved their field to The Elysian Fields in Hoboken, NJ and begins playing as an "organized club"
|
|
Baseball rules:
|
•9 players on the field.
•Bases 90 feet apart
•Game consisted of 21 counts (outs) with change after 3 outs.
•*Ball must be "pitched for the bat" (underhand)
•Foul balls
•3 missed pitches=out if ball is caught. If the 3rd miss is not caught, "striker" may run.
•On balls hit beyond th…
|
|
Civil War
|
The ______ serves as a vehicle for the spread of baseball and its adoption as the National pastime.
|
|
Prior to the civil war: Baseball
|
•Known mostly in New England.
•Played by gentlemen.
|
|
During the civil war: Baseball
|
•Played by soldiers in both Union and Confederate Armies.
•Spontaneous games to pass time and some documented games between companies/regiments.
|
|
As a result of civil war: Baseball
|
•It was spread across the country, was spread to be played by all social classes (not only "gentlemen") Everyone can play now.
•Became recognized as "The National pastime" —first recorded sport that we can claim, huge icon for America.
•If it wasn't for the Civil war, baseball would hav…
|
|
Sports clubs
|
Emerge in response to the growing attraction to recreational sport.
•Established in large cities.
•Membership limited to the wealthy or social elite.
•Consisted of hunting, cricket, yachting (boating), track and field.
•Form the Caledonian club (Scottish immigrants in Boston)
-Games …
|
KIN 362: EXAM 1