PSYCH 2410: EXAM 1
40 Cards in this Set
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associative learning
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child development can be controlled by rewards and punishments
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Nature
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biological endowment (genes we receive from our parents)
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Nurture
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physical and social environments
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Scientific Method
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Theory, method, data, conclusions, re-test/refine
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pro of structured interview
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useful when goal is to collect self-reports on the same topics from everyone being studied
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con of structured interview
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memory of interviewee is often inaccurate or incomplete
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pro of clinical interview
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useful for obtaining in-depth info about an individual
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con of clinical interviews
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allow for flexibility for follow up questions, but prediction of future behaviors/questions is often inaccurate
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pro of naturalistic observations
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observers are in background to not influence the behaviors they are observing
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con of naturalistic observations
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difficult to know which aspect is most influential
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pro of structured observations
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all behaviors are studied in the same context; controlled comparison
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con of structured observations
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less natural; reveals less about subjective experience than interviews
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reliability
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degree to which independent measurements are consistent (using the same instrument)
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Inter-Rater Reliability
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2 or more different raters independently agree
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test-retest reliability
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a measure yields the same score across different testing occasions
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validity
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extent to which the test measures what it is intended to measure
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internal validity
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degree to which effects observed in a study can be attributed to the variables that the researcher intentionally manipulated
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external validity
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degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particular parts of the research
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independent variable
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children in experimental group receive experience; children in control group do not receive experience
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dependent variable
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behavior is measured to determine if it is affected by exposure to the IV
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`Direction-of-causation problem
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a correlation does not indicate which variable is the cause and which is the effect
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third-variable problem
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correlation between two variables may be the result of a third variable
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cross sectional designs
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children of different ages are compared of the same behavior or characteristic over a short period of time
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longitudinal design
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same children studied for a very long period of time
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Cephalocaudaldevelopment
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top of baby downward; head to body
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Proximodistal
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from the center of the body -> outward
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3 stages of prenatal development
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Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
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Cellular developmentalprocesses
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Cell Division
Cell Migration
Cell Differentiation
Cell Death
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What percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage?
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45%
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teratogens
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environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period
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examples of teratogens
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lead, thalidomide, alcohol, cigarettes
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Boismeyer's Checkerboard Study
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more visual stimulation leads to less REM sleep
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What determines a premature baby?
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born more than 3 weeks early (before 35 weeks)
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Low birth weight
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5.5 lbs or less (avg. BW is 7-7.5 lbs)
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cerebral cortex
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80% of human brain
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Frontal lobe
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Thinking, planning, organizing
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Parietal lobe
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spatial processing, integration of sensory info
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Temporal lobe
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memory, visual recognition, emotion, auditory processing
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occipital lobe
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visual processing
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cerebral lateralization
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hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum ( band of nerve fibers)
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Study Guide: Exam 3