Front Back
Comprehension procedes...
Production Children understand many words and linguistic structures before they are able to include them in their utterances
Language Comprehension
Understanding what others say (signed or written)
Language Production
The actual speaking (signing or writing) to others
Evidence that language precedes production
4-5 months = recognize own name 6 months = will look at Mommy and Daddy when names are called 12-14 months = attend longer normal word order vs scrambled; they prefer correct word order Before talking (9-10 months earliest) = pre-speech gesturing; taught babies sign language, or spe…
Generativity
Using the finite set of words in our vocabulary to generate and infinite number of sentences, expressing an infinite number or ideas
Components of Language
Phonological Development - Phonemes Semantic Development - Morphemes Syntactic Development - Syntax/Grammar
Phonemes
All of the elementary sounds that make up a language, part of Phonological Development
Phonological Development
Learning the sound system of a language
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a language, part of Semantic Development
Semantic Development
The learning of rules for combining sentences (grammar)
Syntax/Grammar
How words are combined to form meaningful sentences, part of Syntactic Development
Syntactic Development
The learning of rules for combining sentences (Grammar)
The learning of rules for combining sentences (Grammar)
Specific so that only humans acquire language in normal course of development and normal environment
Language as species universal
Something that every species will develop
Broca's Area
Involved in speech production (in frontal and motor areas)
Wernicke's Area
Involved in spoken speech sense, and uderstanding of what is being said (temporal, auditory lobe)
For right handed people, language is located...
in the left side of the brain
Critical Period Hypothesis
...
How does Genie the "Wild Child" exemplify the critical period hypothesis
She was not exposed to language until after the critical period; language developed to that of a toddlers
Second Language Learning
Cerebral organization differs depending on when second language is learned; the younger you are, the more hemispheric localization
Speech Perception
Developmental change in ability to perceive certain phonemes
Study by Janet Werker
Infants were tested with speech contrast used in native language vs. those used in non-native language; infants turned heads to distinguish difference in sounds
Praising the speech stream
Necessary to segregating speech sounds; helps word-segregation problems by creating no gaps between words
Prosody
The characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns, and so forth with which a language is spoken
Babbling, Gesturing
6-10 months; "papapapa"; involves consonants followed by a vowel, deaf infants babble using signs, using hand gestures before/during talking
Holophrastic period
Period when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time; express whole phrase with single word
Telegraphic Speech
The term describing children's first sentences that are generally two-word utterances
Most Commonly learned words early on...
Nouns
Quines Problem
Say you are on an island where you don't speak the native language...Native sees something coming and yells "Gauagai"... how do you infer what it means? Does it refer to something, if so, what?
Whole-object bias
Word refers to whole object, not part, action, or property
Shape bias
Generalize a novel word to objects of the same shape
Fast mapping
Process of rapidly learning a new word simply from contrastive use of a familiar and unfamiliar word
Mutual Exclusivity
The assumption that a given entity will have only one name. New Word is learned by contrasting it with a familiar word. Show me the blanket
Social Pragmatics
Ability to pay attention to social cues; role of ToM in language acquisition ex. Baldwin experiment - todlers use speaker's gaze to determine referent of novel word
Linguistic Context (Syntactic Context)
Syntactic form (grammatical structure) influences meaning of words. Ex. Brown experiment (1957), shows drawings; given 3 conditions
Dual Representation
Mentally representing the artifact in two way at the same time, as a real object and as a symbol for something other than tslef. Ex. DeLoache Study: when do children become able to exploit information in symbolic artifacts...model of something; experiment consisted of hiding toy in real r…
Scale Errors
Are not able to see smaller toy as same toy, treat it in the same way, cannot replicate what they want to do with it possibly
Pictures
Do 9 moth olds know that photos are also representation? DeLoache says NO, through manual exploration task (rubbing/touching), decreases with age, whereas, pointing at object increases with age
Drawings
To children are very representational, name what they draw, defend that their picture is in fact what they say it is
Most common drawing subject for young kids
A human figure
Quinn and Eimas study
Showed that babies form categories of objects; tested 3-4 month olds, shown photographs and were able to distinguish between cats and dogs...eventually dishabituated from pictures and lost interest in them Perceptual Category
Concept
A general idea or understanding that can be used to group together objects, events, properties, functions, etc. that are similar in some way, help us simplify world and think more efficiently; they are inductively rich (how interact with world, what to do with certain things Conceptual …
Mandler and McDonough
Around 1.5-2 years use knowledge of categories to determine which actions go with which types of objects; drinking with dogs...used concept to make inference to not give the motorcycle something to drink, allows them to further categorize their concept of "animals"
Superordinate Level
Most general level; ex: furniture Object Hierarchies
Basic Level
Middle level and the first level to be learned, similarity is highest within category, used as foundation, ex: chair Object Hierarchies
Subordinate
Most specific level within a category hierarchy; ex: la-z boy Object Hierarchies
Inheritance
3-4 year olds know that physical characteristics tend to be passed on from parent to offspring; "Baby bull will have same color heart," older preschoolers know that development is determined by heredity rather than environment. At ages 9-10, children recognize the influence of environment…
Essentialism
The view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are; differentiates categories...certain "dogness" or "catness"
Dead reckoning
Knowing where you are in an external sense; continuously keeping track of one's location relative to the starting point
Landmarks
Geometry of room vs. landmarks study, use shape of environment to encode locations with very limited info
Cheng Study
Rats find food, then are disoriented (put in dark room), then put back into box, where will they search for food? Use of blue landmark allows them to search in two corners of room
Hermer and Spelke Study
Is geometry more effective or landmark? Tested on 20 month olds and adults
20 moth olds result in Hermer and Spelke Study
Could complete the task 80% percent of the time with geometry aspects. Cannot use landmark aspect to find toy that was previously hidden...after age 2, task can be completed, before age 2, results are similar to those of rats
Adult results in Hermer and Spelke Study
Can use both types os information to reorient themselves...adults are better at this task than kids because of...language development, it is representational force that allows encoding of location
Xu & Spelke Experiment (Numerical Discrimination)
Measuring numerical equality (when two sets differ in #) habituation study, discrimination between 8-16 dots -- will look longer at opposite number; limited based on ration b/w numbers, succeed @ 6 months with 1:2 ration, however, fail 2:3 ration Babies can discriminate #'s of...sounds,…
Ordinal Knowledge (Feigenson experiment)
Can infants select the larger of two quantities of crackers? Child will go for larger amount; when numbers become excessively large, choose at random
Wynn Experiment (Infant Arithmetic)
Wynn stated that babies ~ 5 months of age can do simple math (add/subtract); should be surprised that is 1+1=2 and there is one single object left... Criticism: surface area instead of #'s, restricted to small #'s, only show competence with #'s 3 or less
Counting Principles
Can increase with accuracy, develops during 3-6 years of age
One to one Correspondence
Each object must be labeled by a single #...1-2-3 Principle needed for counting
Stable Order
Numbers should always be recited in the same order... 2 is after 1, but before 3 Principles needed for counting
Cardinality
The number of objects in set corresponds to the last number started Principles needed for counting
Order Irrelevance
Doesnt matter what direction it is started in, as long as all items are counted...right-left, left-right Principle needed for cohnting
Abstraction
Any set of objects can be counted Principle needed for counting
Theory of Mind
A basic understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior
Discriminating agents (animates) from non-agents (inanimates)
children categorize them differently
Importance of Contingency
...
Autism (Klin Study: Social Attribution Task)
...
Crystalized Intelligence
Factual knowledge (ie. word meanings, capitals of countries, arithmetic facts)
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to think on the spot ( ie. problem solving, inferential thinking, analogical reasoning)
Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence
Success depends on 3 abilities: analytic - linguistic, mathematical, spatial skills measured in intelligence tests) Practical - Involve reasoning about everyday problems -- resolving conflicts with people Creative - Reasoning effectively in novel situations (inventing a new game to …
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences-Concepts
Concepts of intelligence are too limited (should include study of savants, brain damaged individuals, diverse cultures etc.)
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
Can predict long term educational achievement (years of education), reflects the ability to succeed in society, guarded entry Limited by: motivation to succeed, creativity, physical and mental health, and social skills
Contributions to Intelligence - Genetic Influences
IQs correlate as age increases with biological parents, however they become less correlated as age increases with adoptive parents
Contributions to Intelligence - Family Influences
"The Smart One" "The Athletic One" influences IQ, occupy niches within the family, also varies on SES and race
Contributions to Intelligence - Societal Influences
Effects of poverty -- growing up in poverty can have substantial negative impaction on scores due to: poor diet, poor healthcare, lack of interest, poor schooling, lack of emotional support
HOME SCORES
(Home Conservation for Measurement of the Environment) measures quality of home environment, correlate highly with IQ scores at 4.5 years of age, correlate highly with school achievement; good predictor of IQ
Intelligence, Race, and Genetics (Sternberg, Gigorenko)
There is evidence to suggest that race is a Social Construction...there is NO biological basis for it. There can be more genetic variation within racial categories. It does not make sense to say that differences in IQ across races are genetically based
Freud's Theory (id)
Personalty structure that is present at birth, relies on the pleasure principle --- maximize pleasure at all times possible no matter what. Innate biological drives, unconscious -- below level of awareness
Freud's Theory (Oral)
First year; basic needs are met by oral stimulation (eating, sucking) driven by things around the mouth; if needs are not met, may result in nail biting, smoking at later age, to further place fixation on mouth. Personality structure of ego emerges, reason and good senses, reality princip…
Freud's Theory (Anal)
...

Access the best Study Guides, Lecture Notes and Practice Exams

Login

Join to view and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?