PSYCH 2410: EXAM 2
80 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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Comprehension procedes...
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Production
Children understand many words and linguistic structures before they are able to include them in their utterances
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Language Comprehension
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Understanding what others say (signed or written)
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Language Production
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The actual speaking (signing or writing) to others
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Evidence that language precedes production
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4-5 months = recognize own name
6 months = will look at Mommy and Daddy when names are called
12-14 months = attend longer normal word order vs scrambled; they prefer correct word order
Before talking (9-10 months earliest) = pre-speech gesturing; taught babies sign language, or spe…
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Generativity
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Using the finite set of words in our vocabulary to generate and infinite number of sentences, expressing an infinite number or ideas
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Components of Language
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Phonological Development - Phonemes
Semantic Development - Morphemes
Syntactic Development - Syntax/Grammar
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Phonemes
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All of the elementary sounds that make up a language, part of Phonological Development
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Phonological Development
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Learning the sound system of a language
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Morphemes
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The smallest units of meaning in a language, part of Semantic Development
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Semantic Development
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The learning of rules for combining sentences (grammar)
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Syntax/Grammar
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How words are combined to form meaningful sentences, part of Syntactic Development
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Syntactic Development
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The learning of rules for combining sentences (Grammar)
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The learning of rules for combining sentences (Grammar)
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Specific so that only humans acquire language in normal course of development and normal environment
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Language as species universal
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Something that every species will develop
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Broca's Area
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Involved in speech production (in frontal and motor areas)
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Wernicke's Area
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Involved in spoken speech sense, and uderstanding of what is being said (temporal, auditory lobe)
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For right handed people, language is located...
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in the left side of the brain
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Critical Period Hypothesis
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...
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How does Genie the "Wild Child" exemplify the critical period hypothesis
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She was not exposed to language until after the critical period; language developed to that of a toddlers
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Second Language Learning
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Cerebral organization differs depending on when second language is learned; the younger you are, the more hemispheric localization
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Speech Perception
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Developmental change in ability to perceive certain phonemes
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Study by Janet Werker
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Infants were tested with speech contrast used in native language vs. those used in non-native language; infants turned heads to distinguish difference in sounds
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Praising the speech stream
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Necessary to segregating speech sounds; helps word-segregation problems by creating no gaps between words
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Prosody
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The characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns, and so forth with which a language is spoken
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Babbling, Gesturing
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6-10 months; "papapapa"; involves consonants followed by a vowel, deaf infants babble using signs, using hand gestures before/during talking
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Holophrastic period
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Period when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time; express whole phrase with single word
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Telegraphic Speech
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The term describing children's first sentences that are generally two-word utterances
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Most Commonly learned words early on...
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Nouns
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Quines Problem
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Say you are on an island where you don't speak the native language...Native sees something coming and yells "Gauagai"... how do you infer what it means? Does it refer to something, if so, what?
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Whole-object bias
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Word refers to whole object, not part, action, or property
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Shape bias
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Generalize a novel word to objects of the same shape
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Fast mapping
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Process of rapidly learning a new word simply from contrastive use of a familiar and unfamiliar word
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Mutual Exclusivity
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The assumption that a given entity will have only one name. New Word is learned by contrasting it with a familiar word. Show me the blanket
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Social Pragmatics
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Ability to pay attention to social cues; role of ToM in language acquisition ex. Baldwin experiment - todlers use speaker's gaze to determine referent of novel word
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Linguistic Context (Syntactic Context)
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Syntactic form (grammatical structure) influences meaning of words. Ex. Brown experiment (1957), shows drawings; given 3 conditions
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Dual Representation
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Mentally representing the artifact in two way at the same time, as a real object and as a symbol for something other than tslef. Ex. DeLoache Study: when do children become able to exploit information in symbolic artifacts...model of something; experiment consisted of hiding toy in real r…
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Scale Errors
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Are not able to see smaller toy as same toy, treat it in the same way, cannot replicate what they want to do with it possibly
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Pictures
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Do 9 moth olds know that photos are also representation? DeLoache says NO, through manual exploration task (rubbing/touching), decreases with age, whereas, pointing at object increases with age
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Drawings
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To children are very representational, name what they draw, defend that their picture is in fact what they say it is
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Most common drawing subject for young kids
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A human figure
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Quinn and Eimas study
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Showed that babies form categories of objects; tested 3-4 month olds, shown photographs and were able to distinguish between cats and dogs...eventually dishabituated from pictures and lost interest in them
Perceptual Category
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Concept
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A general idea or understanding that can be used to group together objects, events, properties, functions, etc. that are similar in some way, help us simplify world and think more efficiently; they are inductively rich (how interact with world, what to do with certain things
Conceptual …
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Mandler and McDonough
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Around 1.5-2 years use knowledge of categories to determine which actions go with which types of objects; drinking with dogs...used concept to make inference to not give the motorcycle something to drink, allows them to further categorize their concept of "animals"
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Superordinate Level
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Most general level; ex: furniture
Object Hierarchies
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Basic Level
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Middle level and the first level to be learned, similarity is highest within category, used as foundation, ex: chair
Object Hierarchies
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Subordinate
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Most specific level within a category hierarchy; ex: la-z boy
Object Hierarchies
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Inheritance
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3-4 year olds know that physical characteristics tend to be passed on from parent to offspring; "Baby bull will have same color heart," older preschoolers know that development is determined by heredity rather than environment. At ages 9-10, children recognize the influence of environment…
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Essentialism
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The view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are; differentiates categories...certain "dogness" or "catness"
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Dead reckoning
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Knowing where you are in an external sense; continuously keeping track of one's location relative to the starting point
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Landmarks
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Geometry of room vs. landmarks study, use shape of environment to encode locations with very limited info
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Cheng Study
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Rats find food, then are disoriented (put in dark room), then put back into box, where will they search for food? Use of blue landmark allows them to search in two corners of room
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Hermer and Spelke Study
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Is geometry more effective or landmark? Tested on 20 month olds and adults
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20 moth olds result in Hermer and Spelke Study
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Could complete the task 80% percent of the time with geometry aspects. Cannot use landmark aspect to find toy that was previously hidden...after age 2, task can be completed, before age 2, results are similar to those of rats
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Adult results in Hermer and Spelke Study
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Can use both types os information to reorient themselves...adults are better at this task than kids because of...language development, it is representational force that allows encoding of location
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Xu & Spelke Experiment (Numerical Discrimination)
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Measuring numerical equality (when two sets differ in #) habituation study, discrimination between 8-16 dots -- will look longer at opposite number; limited based on ration b/w numbers, succeed @ 6 months with 1:2 ration, however, fail 2:3 ration
Babies can discriminate #'s of...sounds,…
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Ordinal Knowledge (Feigenson experiment)
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Can infants select the larger of two quantities of crackers? Child will go for larger amount; when numbers become excessively large, choose at random
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Wynn Experiment (Infant Arithmetic)
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Wynn stated that babies ~ 5 months of age can do simple math (add/subtract); should be surprised that is 1+1=2 and there is one single object left...
Criticism: surface area instead of #'s, restricted to small #'s, only show competence with #'s 3 or less
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Counting Principles
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Can increase with accuracy, develops during 3-6 years of age
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One to one Correspondence
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Each object must be labeled by a single #...1-2-3
Principle needed for counting
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Stable Order
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Numbers should always be recited in the same order... 2 is after 1, but before 3
Principles needed for counting
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Cardinality
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The number of objects in set corresponds to the last number started
Principles needed for counting
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Order Irrelevance
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Doesnt matter what direction it is started in, as long as all items are counted...right-left, left-right
Principle needed for cohnting
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Abstraction
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Any set of objects can be counted
Principle needed for counting
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Theory of Mind
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A basic understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior
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Discriminating agents (animates) from non-agents (inanimates)
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children categorize them differently
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Importance of Contingency
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...
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Autism (Klin Study: Social Attribution Task)
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...
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Crystalized Intelligence
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Factual knowledge (ie. word meanings, capitals of countries, arithmetic facts)
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Fluid Intelligence
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Ability to think on the spot ( ie. problem solving, inferential thinking, analogical reasoning)
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Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence
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Success depends on 3 abilities:
analytic - linguistic, mathematical, spatial skills measured in intelligence tests)
Practical - Involve reasoning about everyday problems -- resolving conflicts with people
Creative - Reasoning effectively in novel situations (inventing a new game to …
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences-Concepts
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Concepts of intelligence are too limited (should include study of savants, brain damaged individuals, diverse cultures etc.)
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IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
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Can predict long term educational achievement (years of education), reflects the ability to succeed in society, guarded entry
Limited by: motivation to succeed, creativity, physical and mental health, and social skills
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Contributions to Intelligence - Genetic Influences
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IQs correlate as age increases with biological parents, however they become less correlated as age increases with adoptive parents
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Contributions to Intelligence - Family Influences
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"The Smart One" "The Athletic One" influences IQ, occupy niches within the family, also varies on SES and race
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Contributions to Intelligence - Societal Influences
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Effects of poverty -- growing up in poverty can have substantial negative impaction on scores due to: poor diet, poor healthcare, lack of interest, poor schooling, lack of emotional support
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HOME SCORES
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(Home Conservation for Measurement of the Environment) measures quality of home environment, correlate highly with IQ scores at 4.5 years of age, correlate highly with school achievement; good predictor of IQ
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Intelligence, Race, and Genetics (Sternberg, Gigorenko)
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There is evidence to suggest that race is a Social Construction...there is NO biological basis for it. There can be more genetic variation within racial categories. It does not make sense to say that differences in IQ across races are genetically based
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Freud's Theory (id)
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Personalty structure that is present at birth, relies on the pleasure principle --- maximize pleasure at all times possible no matter what. Innate biological drives, unconscious -- below level of awareness
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Freud's Theory (Oral)
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First year; basic needs are met by oral stimulation (eating, sucking) driven by things around the mouth; if needs are not met, may result in nail biting, smoking at later age, to further place fixation on mouth. Personality structure of ego emerges, reason and good senses, reality princip…
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Freud's Theory (Anal)
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