BIO_SC 1010: FINAL EXAM
133 Cards in this Set
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ovaries produce __
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oocytes
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immature eggs
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oocytes
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channel from the ovaries to the uterus
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oviducts
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hollow organ in which the embryo can grow and develop
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uterus
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inner lining of the uterus wall; where embryo implants
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endometrium
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narrow portion of uterus above the vagina
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cervix
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muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the surface of the body
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vagina
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in oogenesis, oogonia undergo __ and produce __ __
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mitosis; primary oocytes
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primary oocyte and cell layer around it
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follicle
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at the start of the menstrual cycle, follicle stimulating hormone in the blood __
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increases
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primary oocytes undergo __
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meiosis I
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before being released from the ovary, the __ completes __, then its cytoplasm divides forming __
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oocyte; meiosis I; 2 cells
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the secondary oocyte gets nearly all of the __
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cytoplasm
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gets almost no cytoplasm
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polar body
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econdary oocytes undergo __
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meiosis II
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when the oocyte is released from the ovary, it will stay in __ if it in not fertilized
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metaphase II
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stimulates to growth of the endometrium
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estrogen
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at ovulation, the __ secretes large quantities of thin, clear mucus
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cervix
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corpus luteum formation is triggered by a mid cycle surge of __ __
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leutenizing hormone
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what happens to the corpus luteum if a fertilized egg does not implant?
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it will self-destruct in the last days of the cycle
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after the corpus lute breaks down, __ and __ levels crash, and the __ breaks down
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estrogen and progesterone; endometrium
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cycle lasts about __ days
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28
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penetration by sperm induces the oocyte to complete __
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meiosis II
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formed when sperm and egg fuse
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zygote
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vas deferens is severed and tied off
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vasectomy
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oviducts are cauterized or cut and tied
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tubal litigation
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oral contraceptive made of synthetic estrogen and progesterone
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birth control pill
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form of birth control that suppresses oocyte and ovulation
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birth control pill
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form of birth control that corrects menstrual cycles and reduces cramps
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birth control pill
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a side effect of this form of birth control is nausea and headache
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birth control pill
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interferes with hormones that prevent ovulation or effect hormone levels between ovulation and implantation
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morning-after pill
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side effect of this form of birth control is nausea, dizziness, or abdominal pain
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morning-after pill
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type of birth control that is placed over the cervix before intercourse
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diaphragm
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type of birth control that is replaced weekly
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contraceptive patch
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type of birth control where a couple avoids sex during the fertile period
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rhythm method
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type of birth control that is replaced every 4 weeks
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vaginal ring
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type of birth control that evaluates body temperature or cervical mucus to determine fertile period
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natural family planning
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__ of __ people who engage in sex will become infected by pathogens that cause STDs
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1 of 4
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when the lutenizing hormone begins to falter, embryonic cells produce __ __
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chorionic gonadotropin
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stimulates the corpus lute to produce progesterone
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chorionic gonadotropin
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at the end of the __ month of pregnancy, chorionic gonadotropin begins to falters and the __ begins to produce progesterone
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3rd; progesterone
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at the end of pregnancy, __ causes contraction of the uterus
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oxytocin
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lactation occurs in the __ __ in breasts
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mammary glands
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__ occurs in the mammary glands in breasts
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lactation
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__ is produced by removing calcium, sugar, vitamins, and water from blood
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milk
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milk is produced by removing __, __, __, and __ from blood
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calcium, sugar, vitamins, and water
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synthesis of enzymes used in milk production
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prolactin
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hormone that is released when the baby suckles and triggers contractions that force milk
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oxytocin
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hormone produced in the first 3 days of birth; clear-yellow fluid containing antibodies
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colostrum
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extensions where neurons receive information
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dendrites
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extensions that carry signals away from neurons
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axons
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reversal in charge across a neuron's plasma membrane
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action potential
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how neurons accept and pass on signals
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action potential
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a narrow cleft between the output zone of a neuron and the input zone of an adjacent cell
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chemical synapse or synaptic cleft
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signaling molecules that diffuse across the synaptic cleft
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neurotransmitters
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detect stimuli
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sensory neurons
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react to stimuli
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motor neurons
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long axons of sensory or motor neurons
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nerves
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automatic movements made in response to stimuli
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reflexes
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connected to motor neurons in the spinal cord
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sensory neurons
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part of the nervous system that consists of the spinal cord and brain
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central nervous system
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control center of the central nervous system
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brain
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expressway for signals between the peripheral nervous system and the brain
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spinal cord
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the spinal cord threads through the __ __
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vertebral column
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place where sensory and motor neurons connect
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spinal cord
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nerves which thread through the rest of the body
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peripheral nervous system
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nerves that control movement of the head, trunk, and limbs
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somatic nerves
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nerves that control smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
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autonomic nerves
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wavelike forms of mechanical energy
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sound
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the external ear canal terminates the the __ __
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tympanic membrane or eardrum
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transmits movements to the malleus, incus, and stapes
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tympanic membrane
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the tympanic membrane transmits movements to the __, __, and __
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malleus, incus, and stapes
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the stapes transmits movements to the __ __
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oval window
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has a fluid filled channel; when the oval window moves, it causes this fluid to move and displaces the round window
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cochlea
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responds to the movement of fluid within the cochlea and transmits this information to the brain
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organ of corti
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nerve that transmits sound to the brain
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auditory nerve
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clear covering of the eye
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cornea
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regulates the amount of light that passes into the eyes-- colored part of the eye
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iris
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entrance for light
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pupil
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thin layer in the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors
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retina
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responsible for colored and detailed vision
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cones
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areas where cones are clumped
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fovea centralis
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responsible for for nighttime vision
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rods
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focuses incoming images onto photoreceptors and change with focus
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lens
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carries sensory input from eye to brain
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optic nerve
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the root of most environmental problems
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human population growth
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Population growth has declined from __ to __; however, the population is still increasing
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2.1% to 1.2%
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List the factors that affect birth rate
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1. children in labor force
2. cost of raising and educating kids
3. opportunities for women
4. age of marriage increases
5. availability of birth control
5. religious and cultural beliefs
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children in the labor force will __ birth rate
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increase
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the cost of raising and education kids will __ birth rate
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decrease
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the increase in opportunities for women will __ birth rate
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decrease
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the age of marriage increasing will __ birth rate
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decrease
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religious and cultural beliefs will __ birth rate
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increase
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a type of growth curve that increases constantly by a %
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exponential growth curve
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a type of growth rate that levels off with a carrying capacity
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logistic growth curve
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list the population policies that seek to lower birth rate
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1. access to birth control
2. give women access to education and jobs
3. offer economic incentives couples
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measures the impact of the population
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I=PAT
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in I=PAT, I=
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impact
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in I=PAT, A=
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affluence
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in I=PAT, P=
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population
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in I=PAT, T=
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technology
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__ of the population lives on less than $2 a day
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half
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the richest __% of the world uses __% of resources
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20%; 85%
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grain production is known as
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agriculture
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__ of the world's population survives primarily on grains
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2/3
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__ of the world's population eats rice daily
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1/2
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domesticated animals raised for food
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livestock
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the use of livestock has increased from __ in 1961 to __ in 2000
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7.3 billion to 20.6 billion
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__% of grain produced is used to feed livestock
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45%
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2 things that have caused a decline in the world's fish population
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1. pressure
2. pollution
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List possible for solutions for food resources
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1. increase in agricultural genetically modified foods
2. growth of organic foods in cities
3. increase in aquaculture
4. feed livestock crop residues
5. distribute food more evenly
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reducing waste is known as __
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output
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recycling is known as __
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throughput
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decrease in consumption is know as __
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input
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2 ways to reduce waste
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1. recycle (throughput)
2. decrease consumption (input)
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__% of water on earth is fresh and __% of that is frozen
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3%; 75%
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number 1 water pollutant
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agricultural waste
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and __ into coastal waters cause harmful algae blooms
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runoff of sewage and agricultural waste
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runoff of sewage and agricultural wastes into coastal waters cause ___
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harmful algae blooms
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what produces the most air pollution
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motor vehicles
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organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring
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species
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variety of species, genetic variability, and variety of ecosystems within an area
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biodiversity
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list the threats to biodiversity
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1. habitat destruction
2. commercial harvest
3. introduction of exotic species
4. ecosystem imbalance
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all of the living organisms and non-living environment within a defined area
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ecosystem
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2 causes of ecosystem imbalance
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1. loss of keystone species
2. population imbalance
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produces taxol which is used to treat ovarian, breast, and lung cancer
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pacific yew
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produces chemicals to treat chemicals and lymphoma
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madagascar periwinkle
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produces accord which prevents blood clots and heart attacks in stroke victims
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Malayan pit viper
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produces epibatidine which is more effective than morphine for relieving pain and is non-addictive
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epipedobates tricolor frog
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AL ranks __ in biodiversity
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5th
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AL ranks __ in plant species
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4th
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AL ranks __ in extinction of species
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1st
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possible solutions to save biodiversity
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1. live sustainably
2. education
3. create reserves and protected areas
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Study Guide: Final Exam