BIO_SC 1010: EXAM 2
103 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Sensory Input
|
taking info from internal and external and environment- stimuli, noise, light.
|
|
Integration
|
interpretation of those sensory signals (receive stimuli, send to brain)
|
|
Motor Output
|
sends signals to various effectors (muscle cell, move your arm)
|
|
Neuron
|
nerve cell, incredibly specialized in order to send info. can never regenerate
|
|
Cell body
|
has dendrites that comes off body, connect to other neuro-cells
|
|
Dendrite
|
dendrite-cell body- axon
|
|
Myelin Sheath
|
covers axon (sausage). provides insulation, send signals to nervous system
|
|
Node of Ranvier
|
naked axon
|
|
Synapse
|
space between end of axon and dendrites
|
|
Resting Neuron
|
sitting and not doing anything, has electrical charge on inside and outside of cell (Na + positive on outside, inside K negative)
|
|
Charge Reversal
|
membrane physically altered, NA+ go in,
|
|
Synaptic Knob
|
end of dendrite, receives info. Chemicals are released and move across space into receptor sites
|
|
Central Nervous System
|
brain & spinal cord only, connected
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
every other organ, contains Autonomic NS (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and Somatic NS
|
|
Autonomic
|
(part of peripheral) internal, INVOLUNTARY (breathing, digestion... etc) has parasynthetic and sympathetic
|
|
Sympathetic
|
EXCITES, prepares body for intense activities- FIGHT OR FLIGHT. (decrease digestion?)
|
|
Parasympathetic
|
inhibits. relaxes body to conserve energy
|
|
Somatic NS
|
external world- voluntary!!! you have control.
|
|
Reflex
|
carry info into and out of the brain, very simple response to stimuli. UNCONSCIOUS response (Sensory neuron to spinal cord)
When touching nail- sensory neuron, interneuron (inside spinal cord), motor neuron
|
|
Hindbrain
|
next to spinal cord has Pons and Medulla, and cerebellum
|
|
Pons & Medulla
|
control breathing, regulate heartbeat, swallow, coordinate digestion, whole body movements
|
|
Cerebellum
|
planning center for Coordination, maintain balance, connect w/ ear
|
|
Ingestive feeders
|
things are eaten, ingested, plants/animal/combo (omnivore, carnivore, herbivore)
|
|
Ingestion
|
takes food in
|
|
Digestion
|
breaks food down, small enough to absorb
|
|
Absorption
|
body absorbs, takes food in (small intestine)
|
|
Elimination
|
undigestive waste material passes out
|
|
Alimentary Canal
|
tubes the runs between 2 openings (mouth and anus... usually 1 direction)
|
|
Mouth
|
saliva reflex
|
|
Mucin
|
glycoprotien- protects organism, lubricates to help go down (sharp chip)
|
|
Buffers
|
utilize various food acids to kill bacteria (pH 1-6 acidic, 7 neutral, 8+ basic)
|
|
Digestive enzyme
|
Salivary amylase- used to break down big stuff in MOUTH (starch)
|
|
Teeth
|
provide chemical breakdown
|
|
Incisors
|
30-32 bite down
|
|
Canines
|
grab and tear food (vampire teeth) "make sure it won't get away"
|
|
Premolars
|
flat, grinding and crushing
|
|
Molars
|
grinding and crushing (wisdom teeth- don't need anymore)
|
|
Tongue
|
contains taste buds, allow you to taste things, makes bolus (ball of food)
|
|
Epiglottis
|
lays down over trachea so food can go into esophagus
|
|
Esophagus/Trachea
|
to stomach/to lung
|
|
Peristasos
|
muscle ring in esophagus that forces the bolus down
|
|
Stomach (what's in it)
|
lots of MUCUS,
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (give tummy pH of 2, very acidic!) , PEPSINOGEN (in presence of HCL makes pepsin (enzyme) that specifically breaks down protien!! and ADIC CHYME... from stomach to small intestine
|
|
Pancreas
|
adds sodium bicarbonate (acid neutralizer) so it does not burn whole in small intestine, has Digestive enzymes
|
|
Liver
|
adds bile, breaks down fats, stored in gall bladder
|
|
Villus/Villi
|
cross cell membrane into particular villus, more into blood supply so body can process and store things
-microvilli on TOP of villi, help ABSORB nutrients. Remove glucose- convert into glycogen. liver stores this, no organism can absorb everything they eat.
|
|
Large Intestine aka colon
|
Where un-digested stuff goes... RE-absorbs water (dries out undigested stuff)
|
|
Animal Gas Exchange: Transport
|
circulatory system where gases diffuse, which is how it's moved
|
|
Animal Gas Exchange: Servicing Individual Cells
|
exhale, pick up oxygen and get rid of CO2
|
|
Respiratory Surfaces
|
oxygen going to diffuse cell membrane, CO2 diffuses back out (bring O in, CO2 out). oxygen must 1st dissolve in WATER... respiratory services must be moist1
|
|
Integumentary Exchange
|
earthworms/flatworms, exchange gas, produce mucus under skin so it stays moist
|
|
Counter-current flow
|
as water flows from front of gills to back, across gill structures the fish is able to extract that dissolved O2, while the blood goes the other way. (80% of O2 in water fish gain).
|
|
Tracheal Systems
|
bugs have HARD exoskeleton, surface of insect- trachea (tubes). Spiracles- hole on outside of animal. Trachea- tube under spiracles that leads to tracheoles (branches) that are moist so they can cross cell membrane. Air goes into those and O2 diffuses (can't work in big things b/c not eff…
|
|
Lungs- terrestrial vertebrates
|
Amphibians have lungs, circulatory system
|
|
Direction of gases (larger animals)
|
enter body through nostrils-> through mouth cavity -> thorugh bone layers lined w/ cells (heats and filters air) -> back of mouth (pharnyx) -> trachea (tube that w/ cartildge rings that keep open, on top is larnyx w/ vocal cords)-> teachea has 2 branches that lead to lungs, where bronchus…
|
|
Inhale
|
ib cage and chest cavity moves up, lungs expand up and out, diaphram increases volume of the lung, air pressure of lungs are low to air pressue. Bring in CO2, picking up O2, (picked up by red blood cells)
|
|
Exhale
|
ribs contract, chest cavity towards backbone, diaphragm goes back up, increase pressure inside lungs, and air comes out
|
|
Thalamus
|
sorts data from everywhere and decide what is and isn't important
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
control secretion for hormones, regulate body temp, hunger, fight/flight
|
|
Epithalamus
|
pineal gland, hooked to eyes- allows your sense of day/night and activity/non-activity, awake/asleep
|
|
Cerebrum
|
center of consciousness and intelligence, responsible for everything we do
|
|
Pain receptors
|
activated when tissue damage occurs
|
|
Thermoreceptors
|
one for heat, one for cold
|
|
Mechanoreceptors
|
when cells are stretched, bent, or pressure applies
|
|
Chemoreceptors
|
aste buds and smell sensor
|
|
Electromagnetic Receptors
|
send wave lengths to electromagnetic spectrum
|
|
Cornea
|
transparent, helps focus light. (Sclera - same layer "the whites of the eyes") Choroid- inside sclera same layer as iris
|
|
Iris
|
Colored portion
|
|
Pupil
|
control light going in from pupil to back of retina
|
|
Retina
|
inside choroid layer, photoreceptors for color
|
|
Optic Nerve
|
axons/dendrites present so you can figure out what your looking at
o Blind spot- focusing light on blind spot where there are no photoreceptors
|
|
Vitreous Humor
|
allow eye to have 3d shape
|
|
Rods
|
allow only to see in black and white, sensitive to light, allow to see in dark
|
|
Cones
|
stimulated by very bright light, allow you to see in color, see incredibly sharp detail
|
|
Pinna
|
made of cartilage, acts as cone to funnel sound waves
|
|
Tympanic Membrane
|
eardrum "drum head"
|
|
Auditory Canal
|
sounds bounces to reach eardrum (vibrates at eardrunm)
|
|
Eustachian tube
|
connects to back of throat that allows equalization of pressure (airplane) so eardrum doesn’t blow out
|
|
Cochlea
|
fluid inside move back and forth, hair cells bend the sound, this makes the membrane move, which causes an AP to the brain (cerebrum)
|
|
Animal Circulation
|
carry various waste products to betaken out, NEED blood
|
|
Open Circulatory System
|
invertebrates- shrimp, spiders, insects. pumped from REAR to FRONT... their blood sloshes around inside of them, not EFFICIENT.
|
|
Hemolymph
|
blood in open circulatory, does NOT transport oxygen, doesn't carry gas, no color, does not need RBC
|
|
Closed Circulatory System
|
Vertebrates INTERNAL structure system, cardiovascular system- network of vessels. Heart--> gas exchange area -->back to heart--> to entire organism--> back to heart
|
|
Arteries
|
carry blood AWAY from heart, (usually) oxygen rich
|
|
Veins
|
RETURN blood to the heart (O2 poor)
|
|
Capillaries
|
RBC can move through single file, come in contact with every cell so it can be serviced
|
|
Human Heart
|
right below breast- Sac called pericardium- provides protection and lubrication
|
|
2 Identical Halves in the Heart
|
2 left- ATRIA.
2 right- ventricles
|
|
Pulmonary Circulation (RLL)
|
blood flow from RIGHT side of the heart -> to LUNG -> to LEFT side o heart
|
|
Systemic Circulation (LRR)
|
flow from LEFT side of heart--> REST of organism-> RIGHT side of heart
|
|
Anterior Vena Cava
|
veins head and shoulders
|
|
Posterior Vena Cava
|
veins REST of body
|
|
Atrioventricular Value
|
blood flows in one direction only. Contracts, forces blood in to RIGHT ventricle
|
|
Semilunar valve
|
one way valve, goes out pulmonary artery
|
|
Pulmonary veins
|
highly oxygenated RETURN blood from heart -> atrioventricular valve
|
|
Direction of blood for heart
|
right ventricle to lung- left ventricle pumps to rest of the body.
|
|
Aorta
|
immediatetly off this are the coronary arteries which supply blood to heart muscle itself
|
|
Blood
|
45% cellular element of blood, 55% plasma (water, salts, protiens, nutrients, waste products- CO2, cellular communication- hormones
|
|
RBC
|
Erythrocyte- the most numerous blood cells. Structure- by concave disk, allows more surface area, which allows more oxygen to be carried.
|
|
Red Bone Marrow
|
make erythrocytes
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
protien & iron, oxygen temporarily binds with hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin (bright red), (carbon monoxide mimics oxygen , hemoglobin is fooled by picking up CO and never let go)
|
|
Heart Attacks
|
when heart muscles dies, coronary arteries get blocked, and the heart will not get blood
|
|
Blood Clot
|
platelets, parts or RBCs
|
|
Myocardial Infarction
|
"muscle of the heart" coronary artery becomes clogged with cholesterol. Plaque can be laid down over years and clog it
|
Study Guide: Final Exam