BIO_SC 1010: EXAM 1
162 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Life
|
-Require energy and nutrients
-Sense and respond to change
-Grow and reproduce
-Change over lifetime and generations
|
|
What is Science?
|
1. A body of knowledge (Systematic accumulation of information about the natural world)
2. Method or process (Logical way of observing and learning about the world around you using observation, measurement, experimentation)
|
|
Facts
|
Simple statement that is known to be true through direct observation
|
|
Laws
|
Concise verbal or mathematical ways of describing relationships among observable phenomena
|
|
Repeatable
|
No exceptions
|
|
Theory
|
Broad explanation for a wide range of related facts, observations or phenomena that is well-supported. Multiple lines of evidence, generates expectations about what we should observe in certain situation, no tentative
|
|
Hypothesis
|
A tentative explanation of a natural phenomenon. based on prior experience, scientific background knowledge, preliminary observations, logic, unproven, generates predictions(testable and falsifiable)
|
|
What are the steps to the scientific method
|
1. Observe a phoneme
2. Hypothesize (generate a tentative answer to your question)
3. Make predictions (if/then statement should allow you to assess validity of your hypothesis
4. Test prediction with investigation
5. Make logical conclusion whether results support or reject hypothesis
|
|
Experimental investigations
|
1. Manipulate an environmental factor (iv) to assess its effect on a natural phenomenon (dv)
2. Vary the values of the treatment (iv) but keep everything else constant
|
|
Correlational studies
|
1. Cannot easily test predictions with experiment (Few units, event already occurred, practicality (time, expense, ethics))
2. Use statistical correlation- how reliable does one event follow another- to understand cause and effect (graph)
|
|
Correlation is not he same as...
|
Causation
|
|
Defense against errors
|
non-treatment influences
-Some other factor beside treatment causes change
-Avoid by having controls; an experimental unit that does not receive the treatment
|
|
Chance variation
|
Natural variation in how things respond to treatments.
|
|
Sampling error
|
Difference between results from subset and whole. Avoid by having replication (several experimental units exposed to treatment and control
|
|
Bias
|
Consicous or subconscious preference to do experiment a certain way. Avoid by randomly assign experimental units to treatments.
|
|
Honest mistake
|
Cant know everything about a system. Avoid by peer review (experts in field examine and suggest improvements)
|
|
Dishonesty
|
Deliberate falsifications of observations. Avoid by repeating work (other scientists attempt to replicate experiment)
|
|
The atom
|
The smallest units into which a substance can be broken.
Has two areas:
1. Nucleus
2. Electron cloud
|
|
Nucleus
|
Contains protons, and neutrons
|
|
Electron cloud
|
Contains electrons
|
|
Chemical bonds
|
1. Electrons have distinctive positions in electron cloud (energy shells)
2. Each shell can carry a specific number of electrons (inner -2, outer-8)
3. Atoms are most stable when their outer shells is full
4. atoms seek to fill their outer e- shells
5. exchanging or sharing electrons …
|
|
Ionic bonds
|
Atoms take e- from or donate e- to other atoms, became charged (ion). Attraction between oppositely charged ions
|
|
Covalent bonds
|
Atoms share e-
Ex: Water
|
|
The molecule
|
-Two or more atoms bond to from molecule
-Very simple, and complex
-have 3-d shape, which determines function
-Molecules of life
1. contains carbon (organic)
2. Polymers make up of monomers
|
|
Monomers
|
Small molecular subunit that bind together to make polymers
|
|
Polymers
|
Large molecules composed of multiple monomers
|
|
Enzymes
|
1. Help join monomers more quickly
2. help break polymers back into monomers
|
|
Organic macromolecules
|
All life is make up of carbon.
-4 classes:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
1. monomers: simple sugars (monosaccharide) a ring of 5-6 carbon atoms. Sweet to taste
2. Polymers: polysaccharides or complex sugars. Chains of simple sugars. Not sweet to taste
|
|
Glucose
|
Primary source of energy
-Critical for function of nervous
-System: mental impairment < 40mg/dl
|
|
Starch
|
Primary energy storage in plants
-Digestion breaks it down to get glucose
|
|
Glycogen
|
-primary energy storage in animals
-Starch to glucose to glycogen
-Stored in liver and muscles
|
|
Cellulose (fiber, Dietary fiber)
|
Structural skeleton for plant cells
-most abundant organic molecules
-Cant be digested by humans, but important for good health
|
|
Lipids
|
1. Hydrophobic (do not dissolve in water)
2. Functions:
-Form barriers (cell membrane)
-Store energy
-Provide insulation
-Cushion vital organs
3. Types:
-Fats
-Phospholipids
-Steroids
|
|
Fats
|
Made of a glycerol molecule and three long fatty acid tails
- Can be "Saturated" with H. Straight carbon chains, solid at room temp, leading cause of heart disease, found in meat and cheese
-Can be "Unsaturated". Kinks in the H-C chain, liquid at room temp, healthier source of lipids, t…
|
|
Phospholipids
|
Has a water-soluble head and 2 hydrophobic tails
-Make up cell membranes
|
|
Steroids
|
Made up of 2 carbon rings
-ratio of testosterone and estrogen in both male and females gives sex characteristics
Ex: Cholesterol
|
|
Cholesterol
|
-required to make cell membranes fluid
-Required to produce other steroids
-too much causes plaque in the veins
|
|
Proteins
|
1. Monomers: Amino acids
-structure- amine group, carboxyl group, unique side group
-20 types
-essential- must obtain from diet
-non-essential-synthesized by the organism
2. polymers: polypeptides- chain of amino acids linked with peptide bonds (change shape, change function)
3. Fun…
|
|
Exhibit specificity
|
The shape of the catalyzed substance (substate) matches the shape of the enzyme's active site
|
|
Nucleic Acids
|
1. Monomers: Nucleotide
-Three parts- phosphate, sugar, base
2. Polymers: Nucleic acids
- Nucleotides link in two ways: 1. phosphate/sugar (backbone) 2. base "Rungs" (ladder)
-Base-pairing rule
1. T binds with A
2. C binds with G
3. three types of nucleic acids
-DNA
-RNA
-ATP
|
|
DNA
|
-deoxyribose sugar
-double stranded polymer
-stores information
-Packes into chromosomes:
1. DNA molecule make up each chromosome
2. DNA twisted around proteins called histones
3. Condensed only when it is necessary to move DNA
4. We have 46 chromosomes in energy cell (23 pairs)
|
|
RNA
|
Ribose sugar
-single stranded polymer
-converts stored information into proteins
|
|
ATP
|
-monomer
-energy currency inside cell
|
|
What is a gene?
|
-section of DNA with a unique sequence of nucleotides
-stores information to make a protein, giving us the outward traits we see
-each gene can come in different versions
1. Sequence of bases differs slightly
2. called alleles
3. Make slightly different proteins
|
|
Cell
|
-The fundamental structural unit of life on earth.
1. plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. DNA
-Live singly or in groups of trillions
-prokaryotic
-eukaryotic
|
|
Prokaryotic
|
Small, Structurally simple, no membrane-bound internal structures
|
|
Eukaryotic
|
Larger, specialized internal structures (nucleus and organelles)
|
|
Organism
|
Is an individual that consists of one or more cells
|
|
Population
|
A group of inter breeding individuals of the same type, or species, living in a given area
|
|
Community
|
Consists of all populations living in a given area
|
|
Ecosystem
|
Which is a community interacting with its physical and chemical environment
|
|
Biosphere
|
Encompasses all regions of earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organism live
|
|
Nutrient
|
is a substance that an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make for itself
|
|
Producer
|
Makes its own food using energy and simple raw materials it obtains from nonbiological sources
|
|
Photosynthesis
|
They use the energy of sunlight to make sugars from water and carbon dioxide
|
|
Consumer
|
obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organism
|
|
Homeostasis
|
Organisms keep conditions in the internal environment within a range that favors survival.
|
|
Development
|
the process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multi celled adult
|
|
Growth
|
Increases in cell number, size, volume
|
|
Reproduction
|
Processes by which individuals produce offspring
|
|
Inheritance
|
Refers to the transmission of DNA to offspring
|
|
Biodiversity
|
Scope of variation among living organism. Of a region, the genetic diversity within its species, variety of species, and variety of ecosystems
|
|
Protists
|
Simplest eukaryotes, single-celled consumers to giant, multi celled producers
|
|
Fungi
|
eukaryotic consumers that secrete substance to break down food externally, then absorb nutrients released by this process. Many fungi are decomposers, multicellular
|
|
Plants
|
Multicelled eukaryotes, photosynthetic producers
|
|
Animals
|
Multicelled eukaryotic consumers that ingest tissues or juices of other organisms, break down food inside their body
|
|
Species
|
Unique kind of organisms
|
|
Taxonomy
|
the practice of naming and classifying species
|
|
Genus
|
A group of species that share a unique set of features
|
|
Taxon
|
a group of organisms that share a unique set of traits
|
|
Properties of life
|
1. living things make and use the organic molecules of life
2. Consist of one or more cells
3. living things engage in self-sustaining biological processes such as metabolism and homeostatic
4. change over their lifetime, by maturing and aging
5. use DNA as their hereditary material w…
|
|
Critical thinking
|
the deliberate process of judging the quality of information before acceptation it
|
|
Model
|
Analogous system, if working with an object or event directly is not possible
|
|
Experiments
|
Tests designed to support or falsify a prediction
|
|
Variables
|
Which are characteristics or events that can differ among individuals or over time
|
|
Experimental group
|
a set of individuals that have certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment
|
|
Control group
|
Which is identical to the experimental group except for one independent variable: the characteristic or the treatment being tested
|
|
Data
|
That are consistent with the prediction are evidence in support of the hypothesis
|
|
Scientific method
|
Forming a hypothesis based on observation, and then systematically testing and evaluating the hypothesis
|
|
Probability
|
is the measure, expressed as a percentage, of the chance
|
|
Statistically significant
|
Refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance alone
|
|
Scientific theory
|
Hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing
|
|
Protons
|
Positively charged
|
|
Neutrons
|
uncharged. Occur in an atom's core, or nucleus
|
|
Electrons
|
Negatively charged. Move around nucleus
|
|
Atomic number
|
Number of protons in the atomic nucleus, determines the element
|
|
Elements
|
A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons
|
|
Isotopes
|
Forms of element that differ in the number of neurons their atoms carry
|
|
Mass number
|
Of an isotope, the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus
|
|
Radioisotope
|
Isotope with an unstable uncles
|
|
Radioactive decay
|
Process by which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously breaks up
|
|
Tracers
|
Which are substances with a detachable component
|
|
Free radicals
|
Atoms that have unpaired elections
|
|
Compound
|
Water molecule has atoms of two or more elements
|
|
Polarity
|
Separation of charge not positive and negative regions
|
|
Metabolism
|
All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules
|
|
Disaccharide
|
Two sugars that consists of glucose and fructose monomers. very soluble in water
|
|
Polysaccharides examples
|
Cellulose, starch, glycogen
|
|
Triglyceride
|
a molecule that is entirely hydrophobic and therefore does not dissolve in water. commonly called saturated fats.
|
|
Lipid bilayer
|
double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail, structural foundation of all cell membranes
|
|
Wax
|
Complex, varying mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to carbon rings, or other structures. water repellent
|
|
Peptide bonds
|
A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another; joins amino acids in proteins
|
|
Denature
|
To unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecules
|
|
Prion
|
Infectious protein
|
|
Substrates
|
Of an enzyme, a reactant that is specifically acted upon by the enzyme
|
|
Cofactors
|
A molecule or metal ion that associates with a protein and is necessary for its function
|
|
Coenzymes
|
Organic cofactor
|
|
Phosphorylation
|
Chemical reaction in which a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to another
|
|
Metabolic pathway
|
Seriers of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule
|
|
Feedback inhibition
|
Regulatory mechanism by which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity
|
|
Electron transfer chain
|
Array of members-bound enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequences, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in small, usable steps
|
|
DNA sequence
|
Order of nucleotides composing a strand of DNA
|
|
Chromosome
|
Structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information
|
|
Karyotype
|
Image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, centromere location
|
|
Autosomes
|
the same in both females, and males
|
|
Sex chromosomes
|
females have two x. males have x and y
|
|
Mutation
|
Permanent change of DNA sequence of a cell's chromosomes
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Organelle of protein synthesis. An intact ribosome has two subunits, each composed of rRNA and proteins
|
|
Cell wall
|
Rigid but permeable layer of extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells
|
|
Pili
|
a protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells
|
|
Flagella
|
Long, slender cellular structure used for movement
|
|
Biofilm
|
Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime
|
|
Nuclear envelope
|
A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Nuclear pores in the membrane control the entry and exit of large molecules
|
|
Vesicles
|
mall, membrane-enclosed organelle; different kinds store, transport, or break down their contents
|
|
Peroxisomes
|
Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances
|
|
Lysosomes
|
Enzymes-filled vesicle that breaks down cellular wastes and debris
|
|
Golgi body
|
folded membrane that often looks like a stack of pancakes
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
Double membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
organelles specialized for photosynthesis
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
between the nucleus and plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells is a system of protein filaments collectively
|
|
Microtubules
|
Long, hollow cylinders that consists of subunits of the protein tubulin
|
|
Microfilaments
|
fine fibers that consist primarily of subunits of a protein called actin
|
|
Intermediate filaments
|
most stable elements of the cytoskeleton, forming a framework that lends structure and resilience to cells and tissues in multi celled organisms
|
|
Motor proteins
|
That associate with cytoskeletal elements move cell parts when energized by a phosphate group transfer from ATP
|
|
Cilia
|
Short, hairlike structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells
|
|
Pseudopods
|
amoeba, false feet
|
|
Extracellular matrix
|
Complex mixture of cell secretions, the composition and function of which vary by cell type
|
|
Cuticle
|
Secreted covering at a body surface. In plants it is waxy and helps conserve water
|
|
Cell junctions
|
structures that connect a cell directly to other cells or to its environment
|
|
Metastasis
|
The process in which cells of a malignant neoplasm spread from one part of the body to another
|
|
Cancer
|
1. Cell divides when it should not to form a mass of cells wit no function.
2. pileup of cells called tumor
3. impact surrounding tissues
4. move to other locations in the body
5. abnormal plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, chromosomes number, and metabolism
|
|
Neoplasm
|
Accumulation of abnormally dividing cells
|
|
Tumor
|
neoplasm that forms a lump
|
|
Oncogene
|
Gene that helps transform a normal cell into a tumor cell
|
|
Cleavage furrow
|
in a dividing animal cell, the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur
|
|
Cell cycle
|
Collective series of intervals and events of a cell's life, from the time it forms until its cytoplasm divides
|
|
Interphase
|
eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval during which the cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA in preparation for division
|
|
Mitosis
|
Nuclear divison mechanism that maintains the chromosome number
|
|
Asexual reproduction
|
reproductive mode of eukaryotes by which offspring arise from a single parent
|
|
Homologous chromosomes
|
chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and genes. in sexual reproducers, one member of a homologous pair is paternal and the other is maternal
|
|
Prophase
|
the first stage of mitosis, when its chromosomes have condensed so much that they are visible under a light microscope
|
|
Spindle
|
Temporary structure that moves chromosomes during nuclear division
|
|
Metaphase
|
stage of mitosis at which all chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell
|
|
Anaphase
|
Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite spindle poles
|
|
Telophase
|
Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell. Two new nuclei form as the chromosomes loosen
|
|
Bengin tumor
|
Do not affect surrounding tissue
|
|
Malignant tumors
|
invade surrounding tissues
|
|
Metastasis
|
cancer cells break away and resume growing in new distant location, travel through blood vessels and lymph ducts (collect fluid lost from capillaries)
|
|
What is the purpose of normal cell division...
|
- to produce two cells from one cell
-allow for growth
-allows for maintenance (heal wounds, release damaged cells, 4 million cell division occur in your body each second)
|
|
Main steps in cell division
|
1. interphase- DNA replication
2. Mitosis- Division of nucleus
3. Cytokinesis- division of the cell
|
|
DNA replication
|
1. steps in DNA replication (the strands separate, free nucleotides attach to the strands, dna polymerase attaches free nucleotides to the strands)
2. Chromosomes structure after DNA replication (the two halves of the replicated chromosomes are called sister chromatids, the chromatids ar…
|
Study Guide: Final Exam