IPHY 3410: EXAM 1
135 Cards in this Set
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What are the 4 Basic Tissue Types?
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Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nervous
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Function of Epithelium?
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Lining of surfaces
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Function of Connective Tissue?
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Framework
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Function of Muscle?
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Movement
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Function of Nervous?
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Communication
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Size of a cell?
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5-20 micrometers
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How many meters is one micrometer?
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1 micrometer= 10^-6 meters
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Why are cells limited in size?
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Reliance on diffusion
Can't have a cell large in all dimensions due to lack of oxygen
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What is they typical size of cells?
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Long and Skinny
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Anatomy of a Cell: Plasma Membrane
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Lipids
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Anatomy of a Cell: Cytoplasm
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1. Cytosol (semi liquid)
2. Organelles
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Anatomy of a Cell: Endoplasmic Reticulum
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1. Rough ER: Makes membrane proteins/lipids and has attached ribosomes
2. Smooth ER: Lipid metabolism (steroids)
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Anatomy of a Cell: Vesicle
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"Package"
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Anatomy of a Cell: Golgi Body
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"Shipping and Receiving Department"
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Anatomy of a Cell: Lysosomes
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"Demolition Department"
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Anatomy of a Cell: Mitochondria
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"Power Generators"
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Cytoskeleton: Microtubules (Location)
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Radiating outwards from center
Largest Diameter
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Cytoskeleton: Microtubules (Protruding from Cell)
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Cilia/Flagella
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Cytoskeleton: Microtubules (Inside Cell)
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"Railroads" to move other organelles
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Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Location)
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Close to plasma membrane
Smallest diameter
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Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Components)
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Made of actin
Cell crawling and pseudopods
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Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Subunits)
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Actin subunits
7 nm
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Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Location)
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Extends across the entire cell
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Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Diameter)
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Medium sized diameter
High tensile strength (resists pulling)
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Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Specificity)
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Specific for each cell type
Most permanent and stable
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Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Subunits)
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Fibrous Subunit
10 nm
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Tight Junctions
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Prevents flow
Prevents diffusion across tissue through extracellular space
Prevents passive movement of molecules
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Desmosome
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Structure
Anchors adjacent cells together
Mechanical function
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Gap Junctions
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Flow
Passageway from one cell to another
Direct transport between cells
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Epithelium Tissue?Innervated?
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Tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
GlandsAssociated w/ nerve cell processes
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General Characteristics of Epithelium (7)
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Ability to regenerate quickly
Innervated
Avascular
Cellularity
Specialized contacts
Polarity
Basement membrane
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Innervated?
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Associated w/ nerve cell processes
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Avascular?
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Not associated w/ blood vessels
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Cellularity?
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Composed almost entirely of cells
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Polarity?
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Apical- Toward space
Basal-Toward attachment
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Basement Membrane?
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Anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue
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Functions of Epithelium TIssue (PPADSS)
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Absorption/Secretion
Diffusion/Filtration
Propulsion
Sliding
Protection
Sensory Reception
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Absorption?
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Active uptake of molecules
Energy Dependent
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Secretion?
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Active release of molecules
Energy Dependent
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Propulsion?
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Cilia drive fluid along surface of epithelium
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Protection?
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Physical property- Multiple cell layers
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Sensory Reception?
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Epithelial cells generate sensory signal
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Classification
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1.Layering: Simple vs. Stratified
2. Shape: Squamous vs. Cuboidal vs. Columnar
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous
Alveoli
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Lining of air sacs in lungs
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Endothelium
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Inner lining of heart and blood vessels
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Glomerular Capsule
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Kidneys (Filtration)
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Cilia/Microvilli
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No surface projections
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Mesothelium
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Lining of closed body cavities
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Cuboidal
Glands
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Salivary glands (Pancreas & Ovary Lining)
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Cuboidal
Ciliated
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In uterine tube (Microvilli)
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Columnar
Nonciliated
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Lines most of digestive tract
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Simple Epithelium-Simple Columnar
Ciliated
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Lines small bronchi (air tubes in lungs)
Sweeps away debris; microvilli
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Goblet Cells?
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Secrete mucus-Digestive and respiratory tracts
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Stratified Epithelium- Translational
Urinary Bladder
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Apical Tissue
Cells change shape with tissue stretches
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Glands?
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Cells are specialized for secretion
Develop via invaginated epithelia
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Exocrine Glands?
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Secretes products into cavities or onto body surfaces
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Endocrine Glands?
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Secretes products into the blood
Hormones
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Mucous?
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Thick and Viscous
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Serous?
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Thin and Watery
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Stratified Epithelium- Stratified Squamous
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Thickest
1. Keratinized: Skin
2. Non Keratinized: Ends of digestive and reproductive tissue
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Stratified Epithelium- Stratified Cuboidal
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Rare
Largest ducts of salivary, sweat, and mammary glands
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Stratified Epithelium- Stratified Columnar
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Very Rare
Urethra
Largest ducts of glands
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Ciliated: Lines tracts and upper respiratory tracts
Nuclei: @ different levels, so tissue appears stratified
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Pseudostratified Columnar-Basement Membrane Cells
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Not truly stratified
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Connective Tissue Characteristics (3)
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Relatively few cells
Large amt. of extracellular matrix
Vascularized
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Vascularization Exceptions?
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Blood and Cartilage
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Extracellular Matrix?
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Nonliving material outside the cell
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Connective Tissue Functions? (5)
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Support and Protection
Defense
Passageway for nerves and vessels
Transport and Exchange
Insulation and Energy Storage
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Insulation and Energy Storage?
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Fat
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Transport and Exchange?
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Via Blood and Intersitial Fluid
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Connective Tissue Structure-Cells?
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1. Derived from Mesenchyme
2. Secrete Extra Cellular Matrix
3. Defense Cells
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Mesenchyme?
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Detached cells in embryo
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Connective Tissue Structure-Matrix? (3)
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Fibers composed of 3 proteins
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic
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Collagen Fibers?
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Collagen Molecule
Collagen Fibril
Collagen Fiber
"Resist Tension"
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Collagen Molecule?
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Type 1 is most common
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Collagen Fibril?
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Group of collagen molecules bound together
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Collagen Fiber?
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Group of collagen fibrils bound together
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Reticular Fibers?
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Specialized collagen fibrils
Short thin and branched; Made of Type III collagen molecules
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What kind of networks do reticulate fibers form?
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Delicate networks with lots of spaces ; provides smooth gliding/deformation at boundaries of tissues.
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Deformation?
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Changing shape
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Elastic Fibers?
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Elastin Protein
Highly Elastic
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When is Elastic Protein coiled?
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At rest
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Elastin Proteins are not?
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Fibrils
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Genetic Diseases of CT Fibers
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Cutis Laxa & Cutis Hyperelastica
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Cutis Laxa?
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Genetic defect in elastic fiber formation; loss of elasticity in skin/joints
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Cutis Hyperelastica?
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Genetic defect in collagen fiber formation; Highly flexible joints/skin
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What do Cutis Laxa/Hyperelastica increase the risk for?
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Matrix consists of?
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Fibers and Ground Substance
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What is Ground Substance? (4)
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans
Interstial Fluid
Additional Components
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Interstial Fluid?
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Tissue fluid; H20 that permeates through CT
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Additional Components?
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Calcium salts in bones
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Categories of Connective Tissue (4)
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Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone Tissue
Blood
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Connective Proper Tissue
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unspecialized "classic" CT
cells
6 types varying in density and fiber types
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Fibroblasts?
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Secrete matrix
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Fibrocytes?
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Maintain matrix
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Major divisions of Connective Proper Tissue?
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Loose CT & Dense CT
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Loose CT Division has?
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Lots of ground substance & few fibers
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Dense CT Division has?
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Lots of collagen fibers (resistant to tension)
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3 Types of Loose CT?
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Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
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3 Types of Dense CT?
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Dense Regular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Elastic CT
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Apical side is responsible for?
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Secretion
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Basal side is responsible for?
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Attachment
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What is the most widespread generic connective tissue?
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Areolar Connective TIssue
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2 Characteristic of Areolar CT?
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Gel Like Matrix
Adjoins all Epithelia
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Adipose Tissue is mostly made of?
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Fat Cells
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Where is Adipose Tissue located?
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Hypodermis-Deep to Skin
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Where is "visceral fat" found?
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Around Internal Organs
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Function of Adipose Tissue?
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Energy Storage
Protection
Insulation
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In Reticular CT the fibers are?
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Reticular Fibers
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Reticular CT is found exclusively in?
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Lymphoid Structures (Immune system structure)
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Lymphoid Structures? (3)
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Spleen
Lymph Node
Red Bone Marrow
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Analogy for Reticular CT?
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Labyrinth used by defense cells
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Characteristic of Dense CT?
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Thickest in the body
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What are Dense Regular CT?
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Collagen Fibers running in 1 direction (1 axis)
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Function of Dense Regular CT?
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Tension resistance in 1 direction
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Where is Dense Regular CT found?
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Tendons and Ligaments
Fascia
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Ligament Connects?
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Bone to Bone
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Tendon Connects?
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Muscle to Bone
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Fascia is?
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Dense CT that helps to contain muscles and distribute tension
(deep fascia, IT Band)
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Dense Irregular CT has what kind if fibers? Orientation?
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Collagen Fibers
Various Directions
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Where is Dense Irregular CT found? (2)
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Dermis/Skin
Fibrous Capsules of Organs/Joints
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Elastic Connective Tissue is composed of?
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Elastic Fibers
Some Collagen Fibers
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Where is Elastic Connective Tissue Found? (3)
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Bronchial Tubes in Lungs
Artery Walls of Intervertebral Ligaments
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Elastic Cartilage fibrous component made of?
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Elastic Fibers
Thin Collagen Fibrils
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Physical properties of Elastic Cartilage?
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More resiliant and flexible
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Where is Elastic Cartilage found? (2)
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External Ear
Epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage fibrous component?
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Thin Collagen Fibrils alternating w/ Thick Collagen Fibers
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Physical properties of Fibrocartilage?
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Resistant to tension
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Fibrocartilage is found? (3)
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Intervertebral Discs
Meniscus of Knee Joints
Pubic Symphysis
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Ground substance of bone?
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Calcium salts
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Physical property of ground substance of bone?
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Resisting compression
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Physical property of fibers in bones?
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Only Collagen Fibers
Resists Tension
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Osteoblasts?
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Secrete Matrix
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Osteocytes?
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Maintain Matrix
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Why is blood a connective tissue?
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Large amount of extracellular matrix
Plasma (Mainly Water)
Mesenchyme
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IPHY 3410: Exam 1