Fall 2009 Lectures – IPHY 3410-100 Leif Saul INTRODUCTION Anatomy has many applications I. Basic concepts of anatomy a. All living organisms are made of cells. b. Similar cell types --> tissue. •How many types of tissues are there? °Epithelium °Connective tissue °Muscle °? c. Different tissues combine to form an organ. d. Different organs combine to form an organ system. II. Cellular Structure (Chapter 2) a. Functional requirements b. Size c. Anatomy of a cell Note: Much variation! Analogy: person or corporation. i. Plasma membrane ii. Cytoplasm A. Cytosol B. Organelles: beginning with those that are membrane-bound: - Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) * Rough ER * Smooth ER - Golgi body - Lysosomes - Mitochondria - Cytoskeleton -- not membrane-bound. Three parts: * Microtubules * Microfilaments * Intermediate filaments iii. Nucleus d. Specialized cell contacts (cell junctions) - Tight junctions - Desmosomes - Gap junctionsTISSUES Histology = the study of tissues I. Epithelium a. Introduction Definition of epithelium: Tissue that: (1) covers or lines surfaces and cavities of the body, or (2) forms glands (= secretory structures) b. General characteristics Cellularity: composed almost entirely of cells Make specialized contacts Display polarity (sidedness) Basement membrane (anchors epithelium to the underlying connective tissue) Ability to regenerate quickly Avascular (no blood vessels) Innervated c. Function Absorption and secretion Diffusion and Filtration Propulsion Protection d. Classification By layering: simple or stratified By shape: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar A. Simple epithelium 1. Simple squamous -- thinnest kind 2. Simple cuboidal 3. Simple columnar Nonciliated Ciliated Can have other modifications: -Microvilli -Goblet cells 4. Pseudostratified columnar B. Stratified epithelium 1. Stratified squamous -- thickest 2. Stratified cuboidal -- rare 3. Stratified columnar -- very rare 4. Transitional (changes shape) e. Glands 1. Exocrine Unicellular Multicellular2. Endocrine II. Connective tissue a. Important characteristics Relatively few cells Large amount of nonliving substance (extracellular matrix) Vascularized (except cartilage) b. Functions c. Structure 1. Cells: - Derived from mesenchyme - A characteristic type of cell for each kind of CT - Cells secrete extracellular matrix 2. Matrix A. Fibers * Collagen fibers * Elastic fibers * Reticular fibers B. Ground substance * Proteoglycans * Interstitial fluid * Additional components (e.g. calcium salts in bone) (Note: Integrins = cell adhesion proteins -- glue cells to matrix) d. Categories of CT (connective tissue) 1. Connective tissue proper Introduction A. Loose connective tissue Areolar Adipose Reticular B. Dense connective tissue Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic 2. Cartilage Properties of cartilage vs. bone * Ground substance is unique - acts like "water bed" * Fibers * Cells * Avascular * Not innervated A. Hyaline cartilage B. Elastic cartilageC. Fibrocartilage 3. Bone * Ground substance = calcium salts * Fibers = lots of collagen * Cells: 4. Blood * Why is blood a connective tissue? MEMBRANES AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM I. Covering and lining membranes a. Function b. Composition c. Types of membrane - Mucous membrane - Serous membrane - Cutaneous membrane II. Integumentary system (skin and its appendages) a. The skin: largest organ in the body b. Structure of the skin Two parts: Epidermis + dermis * Epidermis Layers: 1. Stratum germinativum (stratum basale) 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum Other cell types in epidermis -Melanocytes -Merkel cell -Langerhans cell * Dermis -Papillary layer Blisters -Reticular layer Structures in dermis * Hypodermis: Not a part of the skin, but usually discussed with it c. Appendages of the skin 1. Hairs Shaft Root Bulb Follicle Arrector pili muscleCuticle Medulla Cortex Curliness & color Male pattern baldness 2. Glands Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands -Eccrine glands -Apocrine glands Modified sweat glands - e.g. mammary glands d. Burns: Consequences and treatment BONE I. Introduction a. Extremes b. Bones are organs c. Functions of bones / bone tissue d. Classes of bones * Long bones * Short bones * Flat bones * Irregular bones II. Gross structure of a long bone * Diaphysis * Epiphyses * Epiphyseal line * Periosteum * Articular cartilage * Medullary cavity * Endosteum * Blood vessels * Compact bone * Spongy bone III. Histology of bone tissue a. General Cell types - Osteoblasts - Osteoclasts - Osteocytes Matrix - Organic: called osteoid - Inorganic: called hydroxyapatite Fibers vs. ground substance? Secretion?- Osteoblasts secrete: * Osteoid * Enzymes b. Compact bone * Osteon * Lamellae * Central (Haversian) canal * Perforating (Volkmann's) canals * Arteries, veins, nerves * Osteocytes trapped within lacunae * Canaliculi c. Spongy bone * Made of? * Osteocytes? * Canaliculi? IV. Bone formation a. Intramembranous bone formation 1. Formation of ossification center 2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid 3. Formation of woven bone 4. Formation of mature bone tissue b. Endochondral bone formation 1. Cartilage model grows a periosteum 2. Chondrocytes in center of diaphysis signal matrix to calcify 3. Periosteal bud invades diaphysis 4. Steps 2 & 3 occur in the epiphyses as well 5. Remodeling produces mature spongy & compact bone * Note: Cartilage remains at: Photos of bone formation in the fetus V. Bone growth a. Longitudinal bone growth b. Appositional bone growth VI. Bone disorders a. Achondroplasia - Distraction osteogenesis b. Osteoporosis c. Osteomalacia d. Paget's disease JOINTS I. Introduction a. Definition * Joints = articulations = points where bones meet and connect b. Basic directional terms- Planes or sections: * Sagittal * Frontal (coronal) * Transverse - Other directional terms: * Superior / inferior * Anterior / posterior * Medial / lateral * Dorsal / ventral * Proximal / distal * Superficial / deep c. Degrees of mobility *