52 Cards in this Set
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Jan Hus
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Bohemian, a learned theologian, denounced the wealth of clergy. attacked the church's authority at its root by arguing they did not control an individual's destiny. Worked with Wycliffe, their efforts to initiate reform went with a powerful resurgence of religious feeling of mysticism. pp…
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"Italian" Renaissance
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Italy was the birthplace of renaissance, they were places that were urban centers where ppl had wealth, freedom, persuaded the arts, enjoyed life. florence was the leading city, art was a focus of civic pride and patriotism. upperclass ppl fundded promising artits and writers. Michelangel…
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Francesco Petrarch
1304-1374
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Father of humanism, he and his followers carried the recovery of the classics through the systematic attempt to discover the classical roots of medieval italian rhetoric. urged all to master the ancient tongue. he was drawn to Cicero, he maintained that education should consist of learnin…
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Birth of Venus
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Sandro Botticelli, early ren. ideal women, neoclassicism
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Popular Piety
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modern devotion, prayer books, left church and became outside of it, religious clubs, led to anti clericalism
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Anti- Clericalism
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hostility to clergy, saw sacrements as empty wanted communium refermation
john whycliff
jan hus
preface martin luther and 95 these
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Christian Humanism
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cultivated the new arts of rhetoric and history as well as classical languages, latin, greek and herbrew. main purpose of these pursuits were more religious than italy, wanted to build a more sciptural christianity. discovery of texts was hoping it would lead to religious awakening.
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95 theses
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martin luther, achieves salvation through inner religious feelings, a sense of contribution for sins, and trust in gods mercy. 95 things wrong with catholic church. led to luterhism led to protistant. led to 30year war
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Church of England
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Wanted a divorce so he set up his own church, became the head Henry the 8th, very similiar catholic church. led to english reformation
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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
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Became the backbone of Catholic reformation in Europe Combined traditional monastic discipline with a dedication to teaching and an emphasis of preaching.
brought hope, ceremony, tradition, opened fine schools. led to counter reformation
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30 Year War
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Starting as religious war then became a political war of European powers seeking advantages. France bearly won. 18 million people living there, 8 survived.
Treaty of west phala settled the war
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Scientific Method
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Encompasses two approaches to knowledge, inductive and deductive. science vs math.
means of understanding, experimentation.
"why" instead of saying God did it.
led to scientific revolution
Sir Francis bacon- inductive
rene descartes- deductive, i think therefore i am
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Heliocentrism
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Nicolas Copernacius said planets orbit the sun, didn't want to publish work but soon persuaded by family, led to kepler's laws of planetary motion. part scientific revolution
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Andres Vesalius
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founded of modern biological science, wrote on the construction of the human body, he dissected the human body. often refered to as founder of human anatomy. founder of biological sceiences
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Isaac Newton
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Publication marked the climax of the scientific revolution, he has three laws of motion, innertia, gravity, gravitational pull, foundation for modern science, laid the foundation of the science of optics. due to printing press and new inventions, he work became popular and he became rich …
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Christopher Columbus
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believed he could said west to find india, found america, had four voyages, queen and king sent him to find asia not thinking he would come back. leads to trade, spreads diseases and kills natives
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Conquistadors
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Spanish people that brought trade to america, horses, pigs, etc. trade route was from central amercia to and from spain
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Atlantic Triangle
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Trade route, actually a circle. Europe, Africa, America, goods and people traded.
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English Civil War 1642-1646
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King Charles made new taxes and ignored parlament, used sea port tax as an "emergency"
3 major things that started it:
-war taking place already
-fiancial crisis
-conflict over parlament issues
involved: puritans and church of england
round heads (parlament) vs cavaleers (sided wi…
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Oliver Cromwell
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leader of new model army, puritan squire, member of parlament, effectivly led army, proved to be key element, his death left country without leadership
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"Glorious Revolution"
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The bloodless revolution, overthrow of james II, he lost loyalty of men and government, the people wanted his son in law to take over, ran him out of the country, new king and queen by act of parliment
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Louis XIV
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Took throne at 5, then he vowed to never repeat past, achieved greatest degree of monical power, well liked, believe it was selected to rule by god, principal of divine right. wanted to decrease political influence, when he died taxation was vastly needed, failure to reform the system, le…
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Leviathan Hobbes
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Written by Thomas Hobbes, model by gov, believed you needed a strong king to prevent lower class chaos, political philosophy on scientific foundation. Early example of social contract theory.
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Old Regime
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social and political system in france in the 18th cent divided into 3 orders/states
-Clergy, nobility, everyone else
1st state clergy: power and priviledged:
2nd state nobility: priviliedged, nobles were church army officals
3rd everyone else: bourgeouise, drs lawyers, peasants: very …
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Encyclopedia
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Denis Diderot 38 volumes, more than 150 contributors, condemned for being anti-clerical, (against the church), in his works, snuck in some between the lines jokes. that only in the know or smart people would see were in there, slander almost
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18th Century public sphere
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Areas where people could discuss, debate, there were growing rates of literacy, coffee houses, salons, discuss politics, got the public involved. debate and discuss. which helped with the enlightenment.
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John Locke
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Moved by sense of moral obligation, humans are rational by nature, right to life, liberty and property, respect others, state exists in order to ensure security and well being of its citizens,
led to- thomas jefferson justified locke's principals with the America Revolution, became core …
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Voltaire
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Opposite of Hobbes and Locke, propagandist, ideas of his form the policitcal theory that expresses the enlightenment.
His ideas inspired freedom of press, religious tolerance, fair ciminal justice, taxation, and priviliges of clergy and nobility.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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believes people are born good, society corrupts them, nature oriented. wrote the social construct. remains the leading theorist of democratic thought. wanted state to be governed by general will.
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Enlightened Depotism
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A system of government that called for efficient administrators and funds. Catherine the great, was a patron and very well liked. fixed things, believed in mass education, women included, created rational gov, broad version, basics laws everyone could follow, *no unlawful detainment
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Storming of the Bastille
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Bread prices were soaring, wanted gun powder, symbol of old regime darkness, indirectly saved national assembly and its bourgeois leadership. Now marks frances independence day.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Document written by National Assembly. Stated goals and rights of the revolution. expressed liberal and universal goals of philosopher
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Civil Constitution to Clergy
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Reduced the number of bishops and priests and transformed clergy into gov officals elected by people and paid by state. made to take oath. ones that didn't were called refractories. many didn't agree with this and didn't do it, counterrevolution would soon emerge because of this.
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Committee to Public Safety
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led by Robespierre, 12 man committee, defended france from neigboring countries during revolution, reign of terror.
in charge of trials and executions
defended against "enemies of the republic"
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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France's leader, censored the press, authoritarian, allowing legislation little power, but then in 1860 all changed and he took everything back and pardoned prisioners.
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Congress of Vienna
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Result of defeat of Napoleon, create a peace settlement that restored power. Took months, aristicrats went, new system of merit, restoration of european power,
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Adam Smith
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Enlightments leading econmics theorists, wrote wealth of nations, wrote supply and demands, private enterprise, free trade, father of economics and capitalism, wrote the "bible of capitalism" free market system and laissez fair econmics
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Crystal Palace/Great Exhibition
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Made of glass and steal, used to show off England as a workshop of the world. to show that they were the power in the industrial revolution.
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Liberalism (19th C Variant)
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Reform and political representation. empahsis on freedom, adam smith- lassize fair.
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Romanticism
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Art, literature, glorify nature, emotions, genius, abstract thinking. conservatives like it AND liberals liked it. Reaction of Enlightenment.
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Utopian Socialism
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Were romantics, they dreamed of new social order, a furure utopia, where each individual could find hapiness and fulfillment.
Not revolutionary movement.
Thought it would bring together different classes
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Chartism
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Political movement to unionize workers, Demands directed towards universal manhood sufferage, and other causes, secret ballot, no land requirement.
All demands were met except one by 1918.
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Marxism
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Communist Manifesto, remove private property, always class struggle, all motivated by economics, plan for workers to revolt and take over
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William Booth
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- 1870-1880
-The founder of the Salvation Army. Wrote In Darkest England and the Way Out, describing the misery of the poor and outlining his methods of achieving spiritual salvation through social service.
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Samuel Smilies
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self help- heaven helps those who help themselves, men must help themselves, render men helpless.
thrift- convince men to employ their means of worthy purpose
wanted to inspire the achievements of capitalism.
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1848 Hungarian Uprising
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food shortage, economic distress, government issues.
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German Unification 1848
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After failed revolution, retained only half hearted commitment to liberalism. half fled country, all liberals doubted the effectiveness of revolution, all gained new respect for power, liberals now thought german unity would be achieved through pressian arms, not liberal ideas.
germans t…
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The Scramble for Africa
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When Europe took africa. 10% then years later up to 90%
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First Wave Feminism/Women's Suffrage Movement
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Had first convention in 1848, wrote up declaration of statements and principles that broaden the declaration of independence.
another example of expansion of liberalism
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Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer)
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''survival of the fittest''
weed out members that aren't as strong
natural selection
darwanists divided humanity into racial superiors and inferiors
they think war is a natural war to weed out inferior
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The Dreyfus Affair
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Jewish offier accused of selling secrets to germans and acussed to life in prision, natioanlists and anti seminitis joined together to condem him, gave another reason to hate the jewish people, strengthen anti seminists. in the end he got out many years later. this left france deeply divi…
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Theodore Herzl
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wrote the jewish state, because he felt jews were becoming the incoming race. called for the formation of a jewish nation state, palestine. nationalism grew hand in hand with anti semitism. led to the first zionist congress.
zionism- jewish form of nationalism.
jewish national fund was …
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HIS 102: EXAM 1