TEL-T 207 : EXAM 2
197 Cards in this Set
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Prior Restraint
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government restriction of speech before it is made
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Obscene
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offensive to accepted standards of decency or modesty
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Pool Reporters
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selected members of the media who are present at a news event and share facts, stories, images, and firsthand knowledge of that event with others
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Embeds
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reporters who receive permission from the military to travel with a military unit across the battlefield
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Copyright
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the legal protection of a creator's right to a work
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Copyright Act of 1976
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a law that recognizes the rights of an individual creator (in any medium) from the time he or she has created a work and that protects a creative work for the lifetime of that author plus 70 years
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Fair Use Regulations
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provisions under which a person or company may use small portions of copyrighted work without asking permission
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Transformative
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when use of copyrighted material presents the work in a way that adds interpretation to it so that some people might see it in a new light
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Parody
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a work that imitates another work for laughs in a way that comments on the original work
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Defamation
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"a highly disreputable or false statement about a living person or an organization that causes injury to the reputation that a substantial group of people hold for that person or entity"
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Slander
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spoken communication that is considered harmful to a person's reputation
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Libel
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written communication that is considered harmful to a person's reputation
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Liber per se
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written communication that is considered obvious libel
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Libel per quod
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words, expressions, and statements that, at face value, seem to be innocent and not injurious but that may be considered libelous in their actual context
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Public Figure
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a person who is an elected or appointed official (a politician) or someone who has stepped (willingly or unwillingly) into a public role
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Private Person
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an individual who may be well known in the community, but who has no authority or responsibility for the conduct of government affairs and has not thrust himself or herself into the middle of an important public role
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Actual Malice
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reckless disregard for truth or knowledge of falsity
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Simple Malice
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hatred or ill will toward another person
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Simple Negligence
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lack of reasonable care
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Privacy
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the right to be protected from unwanted intrusions or disclosures
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False Light
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invading a person's privacy by implying something untrue about him or her
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Appropriation
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an invasion of privacy that takes place via the unauthorized use of a person's name or likeness in an advertisement, poster, public relations promotion, or other commercial context
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Intrusion
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an invasion of privacy that takes place when a person or organization intentionally invades a person's solitude, private space, or affairs
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Public Disclosure
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an invasion of privacy that occurs when truthful information concerning the private life of a person (that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person and is not of legitimate public concern) is revealed by a media source
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Economic Relations
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rules set by the government about how firms are allowed to compete with one another
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Monopoly
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control of the market by a single firm
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Oligopoly
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control of the market by a select few firms
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Antitrust policies
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policies put in place to maintain competition in the U.S. economy, carried out through the passing of laws, through enforcement of the laws by the U.S. Department of Justice and state attorneys general, and through federal court decisions that determine how far the government ought to go …
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Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
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a federal agency whose mission is to ensure that the nation's markets function competitively; its coverage can include any mass media - print or electronic - as long as the issue involved is related to the smooth functioning of the marketplace and consumer protection in that sphere
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Federal Trade Commission
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FTC stands for _____________
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Federal Communications Commission
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a federal agency specifically mandated by Congress to govern interstate and international communication by television, radio, wire, satellite, and cable
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Federal Communications Commission
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FCC stands for _____________
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Self Regulation Regimes
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codes and agreements among companies in an industry to ensure that employees carry out their work in what industry officials agree is an ethical manner
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Advocacy Organizations or Pressure Groups
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collections of people who work to change the nature of certain kinds of mass media materials
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Editorial Standards
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written statements of policy and conduct established by media organizations as a form of selfregulation
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Policy Books
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guidelines for fairness, accuracy, and appropriateness of station content and the like, adopted by media organizations in the interest of self-regulation
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Operating Policies
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policies, most often used by print media organizations, that spell out guidelines for everyday operations, such as conflicts of interest, acceptable advertising content, boundaries of deceptive information-gathering practices, payment to sources for news stories, and so on
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Editorial Policies
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policies, most often used by print media organizations, that identify company positions on specific issues, such as which presidential candidate the paper supports and whether the paper is in support of certain governmental policies
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Ombudsperson
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an individual who is hired by a media organization to deal with readers, viewers, or listeners who have a complaint to report or an issue to discuss
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Code of Ethics
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a formal list of guidelines and standards designed to establish standards of professionalism within an industry
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Journalism Reviews
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publications that report on and analyze examples of ethical and unethical journalism
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Ethics
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a system of principles about what is right that guides a person's actions
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Values
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those things that reflect our presuppositions about social life and human nature
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Ideals
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notions of excellence or goals that are thought to bring about greater harmony to ourselves and to others
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Principles
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those guidelines we derive from values and ideals that are precursors to codified rules
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Internet
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a global system of interconnected private, public, academic, business, and government computer networks that use a standard set of commands to link billions of users worldwide
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Packets
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segments of messages that contain digital instructions that allow them to reassemble properly at the same time at the destination
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Hyperlinks
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highlighted words or pictures on the Internet that, when clicked, will connect the user to a particular file, even to a specific relevant part of a document
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HyperText Markup Language
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a computer language system that allowed people to access a system of interlinked documents through the Internet.
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User-Generated Content (UGC)
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creative products, such as videos and music, generated by people who visit websites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram
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Internet Service Provider
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a company that sells access to the Internet
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Wi-Fi
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a radio technology (called IEEE 802.11) that engineers designed in the late 1990s to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity
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Net Neutrality Controversy
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the desire by websites and advocates to make sure that ISPs do not charge sites for transmission
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Social Media Site
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an online location where people can interact with others around information, entertainment, and news of their own choosing and, often, making
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Search Engine
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websites that allow users to find sites relevant to topics of interest to them
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Web crawlers (web spiders)
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programs used by search engines that search the Internet to retrieve and catalog the content of websites
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Algorithm
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a complex set of mathematically based rules that search engines use to come up with sites that relate to your search terms
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Natural or Organic Search Results
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websites that come up based on a search engine's algorithm without any influence from advertisers
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Social Search
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a search that is carried out to find what people in a person's social circle say about an item
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Click-and-Mortar Companies
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firms with both an online and an offline sales presence
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Keyword Advertising
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when software determines what a person is reading and sends the person ads for products that advertisers consider related to the topic
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Contextual Advertising
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when software uses the words in the search box to send the person ads for products that advertisers consider related to the topic
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Profiling
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creating a description of someone based on collected data
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Cookies
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information that a website puts on your computer's hard drive so that it can remember something about you at a later time; more technically, it is information for future use that is stored by the server on the client side of a client/server communication
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Clickstream
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computer jargon used to describe user movement through websites
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Behavioral Targeting
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the process of following people's behavior and then sending them material tailored to what was learned about them
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Data Mining
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the process of gathering and storing information about many individuals - often millions - to be used in audience profiling and interactive marketing
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Ad Network
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a collection of many websites that a company knits together in order to sell ads on them
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Ad Exchanges
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electronic auctions in which various publishers and ad networks offer advertisers the ability to reach specific types of people, often at exactly the moment those people are entering certain sites
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Applications
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software that uses the Internet, but not the web system, to bring material to audiences
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Feature Phone
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"a mobile telephone that carries extras unrelated to calling ("features" such as texting, calendars, cameras, and media players) but does not have the sophisticated web-browsing, app-importing operating system of a smartphone"
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Smartphone
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a mobile telephone that uses a special computer operating system to offer connections to the Internet through a web browser as well as through special applications (apps) that are compatible with that operating system
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Mobile Application
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computer software designed to help the user of a mobile device perform specific tasks
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Personal Identifiable Information (PII)
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the name, postal address, or any other information that allows tracking down the specific person who owns a device
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Opt-in Approach
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the view that marketers should not be permitted to collect information about a person unless the person explicitly indicates that it is all right for them to do so
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Opt-out Approach
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the view that marketers should be permitted to collect personal information from consumers as long as they inform people of what they are doing and give them the opportunity to refuse
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Newspapers
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printed products created on a regular (weekly or daily) basis and released in multiple copies
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Adversarial Press
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a press that has the ability to argue with the government
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Dailies
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newspapers that are published on newsprint every day, sometimes with the exception of Sunday
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Weeklies
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newspapers that are published on newsprint once or twice a week
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Alternative Weekly
a
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paper written for a young, urban audience with an eye on political and cultural commentary
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Shoppers
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free, nondaily newspapers, typically aimed at people in particular neighborhoods who might shop at local merchants and designed primarily to deliver coupons and advertisements, though they may also carry some news or feature content
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Freestanding Inserts (FSIs)
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preprinted sheets that advertise particular products, services, or retailers
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cost per thousand readers (CPM)
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the basic measurement of advertising efficiency in all media; it is used by advertisers to evaluate how much space they will buy in a given newspaper or other medium and what price they will pay
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Classified Ad
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short announcement for a product or service that is typically grouped with announcements for other products or services of the same kind
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National Ads
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advertisements placed by large national and multinational firms that do business in a newspaper's geographic area
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Co-Op Advertising
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advertising in which manufacturers or distributors of products provide money to exhibitors in order to help the exhibitor with the cost of promoting a particular product
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Advertising Editorial Ratio
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set by the publisher, this ratio determines the balance between the amount of space available for advertisements and the amount of space available for editorial matter in one issue of a newspaper
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News Hole
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the number of pages left over and available for editorial matter (based on the number of pages needed for advertisements)
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Editor
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the executive in charge of all the operations required to fill the news hole
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Managing Editor
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individual who coordinates the work of the sections (or departments) within the newspaper
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General Assignment Reporters
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newspaper reporters who cover a variety of topics within their department
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Beat
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a specific, long-term assignment that covers a single topic area
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Freelancers
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workers who make a living by accepting and completing creative assignments from a number of different newspapers - sometimes several at one time
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Wire Services
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organizations that, for a fee, supply newspapers with a continual stream of hard news and feature stories about international, national, and even state topics via high-speed telephone, cable, and/or Internet connections
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Syndicates
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companies that sell soft news, editorial matter, cartoons, and photographs to newspapers for use
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Deadline
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the time when the final version of reporters' work has to be in
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Copy Editor
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the individuals who edit stories written by reporters; they edit for length, accuracy, style, and grammar and write headlines to accompany the stories
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24/7
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around-the-clock news organizations that constantly update stories and present new ones
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Blog
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a sort of diary or journal that may describe the events surrounding the coverage and that invites reader responses
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Users
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the audience of newspaper websites
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Pagination
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the process by which newspaper pages are composed and displayed as completed pages, with pictures and graphics, on screen
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Newspaper Distribution
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bringing the finished issue to the point of exhibition
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Total Market Coverage (TMC)
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reaching nearly all households in a newspaper's market area
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Direct Mail Firms
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advertising firms that mail advertisements directly to consumers' homes
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Marriage Mail Outfits
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advertising firms that specialize in delivering circular advertisements that might otherwise be inserts as FSIs in newspapers; they produce sheets and brochures from several advertisers that are bundled together
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Podcasts
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audio recordings that can be downloaded to MP3 players
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RSS Feed
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a flow of stories on topics the reader has chosen that the newspaper sends to the individual's computer so that the user does not have to go to the paper's website to see it
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Mobile Feed
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stories specifically formatted for the user's smart phone or tablets
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Brand
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a name and image associated with a particular product
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Business to Business or Trade Magazine
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a magazine that focuses on topics related to a particular occupation, profession, or industry
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Consumer Magazines
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magazines aimed at the general public
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Literary Reviews
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periodicals about literature and related topics
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Academic Articles
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periodicals about scholarly topics, with articles typically edited and written by professors and/or other university-affiliated researchers
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Newsletter
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a small-circulation periodical, typically four to eight pages long, that is composed and printed in a simple style
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Comic Book
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a periodical that tells a story through pictures as well as words
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Graphic Novel
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an illustrated story that aims to be longer and more developed than a comic book
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Controlled Circulation Magazine
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a magazine whose production and mailing is supported not by charging readers, but (typically) through advertising revenues; the publisher, rather than the reader, decides who gets the magazine
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Custom Magazine
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a controlled circulation magazine that is typically created for a company with the goal of reaching out to a specific audience that the company wants to impress
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Paid Circulation Magazines
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a magazine that supports its production and mailing by charging readers money, either for a subscription or for a single copy
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Circulation
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the number of units of the magazine sold or distributed free to individuals in one publishing cycle
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Media Kits
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databases compiled by magazines that tell potential advertisers attractive key facts about their readers
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Segments
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portions of a magazine's readership that an advertiser wants to reach
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Magazine Publisher
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the chief executive of a magazine, who is in charge of its financial health
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Upscale Readers
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upper-middle-class or upperclass people with substantial disposable income (money beyond the amount needed for basic expenses)
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Magazine Distribution
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the channel through which a magazine reaches its exhibition point
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Subscription
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a long-term order for a magazine that is paid for in advance, for a predetermined period of time or number of issues
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Single-copy sales
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the number of copies of a magazine sold not by subscription, but one issue at a time
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Slotting Fees
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payments that ensure that companies' products will be placed prominently at the front of magazine racks or at the checkout counters of supermarkets
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Television Broadcasting
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scanning a visual image and transmitting it electrically, generally with accompanying sound, in the form of electromagnetic waves that when received can be reconverted into visual images
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Broadcast Live
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broadcast as it was actually being performed, rather than being taped, filmed, or otherwise recorded
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Golden Age of Television
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the period of time from approximately 1949 to 1960, marked by the proliferation of original and classic dramas produced for live television
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Syndication
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the licensing of mass media material to outlets on a market-by-market basis
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Television Program Ratings
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audits of people's viewing behaviors that gauge which shows households are viewing and how many are viewing them; they help network executives decide which shows should stay, which should be dropped from the lineup, and how much advertisers should pay to hawk their products during break…
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Commercial Stations
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broadcast television stations that support themselves financially by selling time on their airwaves to advertisers
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Noncommercial Stations
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broadcast television stations that do not receive financial support from advertisers, but rather support themselves through donations from listeners and private foundations and from commercial firms in return for mentioning the firm or its products in announcements at the beginning and …
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Billboards
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mentions of a sponsor's name or products at the start or end of programs airing on the station
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Underwriting
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when a company pays to sponsor a program on a noncommercial station
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Television Network
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an organization that distributes television programs, typically by satellite and microwave relay, to all its affiliated stations, or stations that agree to carry a substantial amount of the network's material on an ongoing basis, so that the programs can be broadcast by all the stations a…
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The Big 4
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the four largest television networks: ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC
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Vertical Integration
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circumstance in which an organization has control over a media product from production through distribution to exhibition
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Broadcast Outlets
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organizations that transmit broadcasting signals
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Owned and Operated Stations
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broadcast television stations that are owned and operated by a network that often provides a regular schedule of programming materials for broadcast
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Network Affiliates
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local broadcast television stations that are not owned by broadcast networks and yet transmit network signals and programs on a daily basis; in return, the network promises to compensate the affiliate with a portion of the revenues received from advertisers that have bought time on the ne…
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Program Feed
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the succession of shows sent from a network to its network affiliates
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Station Groups
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collections of broadcast television stations owned by a single company
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Independent Broadcast Stations
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a station not affiliated with one of the Big Four networks
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Commercials
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short audiovisual pieces that call attention to advertisers' products or services
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Retransmission Fees
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the money television networks and local stations charge cable and satellite firms for the right to carry their material
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Cable Television
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television service provided to subscribers by signals sent through a wire (usually a coaxial cable, but increasingly via fiber optic lines)
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Cable Television System
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the cable television retailer that physically installs the cable and markets the program service to consumers in a particular geographic area
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Multiple System Owner (MSO)
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a cable television firm that owns two or more cable television systems
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Subscription Networks
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nonbroadcast program channels for which people pay a monthly subscription fee to receive them via cable or satellite
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Telcos
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telephone companies that offer television and Internet services
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Satellite Television
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programming that comes directly to the home from a satellite orbiting the earth
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Direct Broadcast Satellite Technology
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technology that allows a household to receive hundreds of channels, from signals that are delivered digitally from satellites operating in orbit to a small dish installed on the side of a dwelling; a set-top box decodes digital signals so that they appear on the TV set
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Lineup
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the menu of channels that a cable television system offers potential subscribers
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Format
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a collection of elements that constitutes a channel's recognizable personality, created through a set of rules that guide the way the elements are stitched together with a particular audience-attracting goal in mind
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License Fees
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the costs that particular networks charge exhibitors for carrying the networks' lineups in the exhibitors' cable or satellite systems
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Tiering
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the strategy by which different levels of television programming are priced differently
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Pay-per-view
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a transaction in which a cable provider, satellite company, or telco charges the customer for viewing an individual program, such as a boxing event, a live broadcast of a concert, or a newly released motion picture
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Video On Demand
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a television viewing technology whereby a customer uses the remote control to navigate to a menu of programs and then click on the program he or she wants to watch; unlike pay-per-view, in which the customer has to wait for the show to appear at a certain time, the program immediately app…
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Head End
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a cable system's regional delivery location
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HDTV
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a television display technology that provides picture quality similar to that of 35mm movies with sound quality similar to that of today's compact discs.
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Channel Multiplexing
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sending multiple signals or streams of information on a carrier at the same time in the form of a single complex signal and then recovering the separate signals at the receiving end
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Competition
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the programming alternatives that already exist
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Ratings
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audits of people's television viewing behavior that help to determine where much of the money for programming and advertising should go
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People Meter
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a small box installed by Nielsen on television sets in about 5,000 homes that it has chosen as a representative sample of the U.S. population. The meter holds a preassigned code for every individual in the home, including visitors. Nielsen asks each viewer to enter his or her code at the …
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Sweeps
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the survey of TV viewing habits in markets across the United States, as performed by Nielsen four times per year—during the months of February, May, August, and November; competition among TV programmers is especially keen during these periods
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Household Ratings
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"ratings that represent the number of households in which the channel was turned on, compared with the number of households in the channel's universe (the local area, or the number of people who receive the cable network)"
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People Ratings
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particular demographic categories of individuals within each household—for example, those aged 18 to 49 years or those who are female
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Household Share
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the number of households in which a particular channel was turned on compared with the number of TV-owning households in the area where the channel could be viewed
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Reach
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the percentage of the entire target audience to which a media outlet will circulate
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National Rating Points
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a measure of the percentage of TV sets in the United States that are tuned to a specific show; in 2001, each national rating point represented just over 1 million U.S. homes with TVs
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Average Commercial Minute
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Nielsen's reporting standard for determining ratings and household viewing during commercials; this information gives advertisers measurements not just for each program taken as a whole, but also for the commercials that run during the programs
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C3 Standard
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Nielsen technique of measuring the average commercial minute of a program by including in the ratings people who recorded commercials on DVRs and viewed them within a three-day period
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Schedules
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patterns in which programs are arranged
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Day Parts
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segments of the day as defined by programmers and marketers
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Prime Time
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the hours in which the Big Four broadcast networks put on their most expensive programs and charge advertisers the most money for commercial time
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Series
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a set of programs that revolve around the same ideas or characters
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Audience Flow
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the movement of audience members from one program to another
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Lead-In
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a program that comes before, and therefore leads into, another program
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Sampling
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trying out a new program by watching it for the first time
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Lead out
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the program that follows the program after the lead-in
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Hammock
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the strategic placement of a program between two other programs; positioning a new series between two well-established shows that appeal to the same target audience often gives the right viewers an opportunity to sample the new series
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Time Slot
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a particular position in the schedule
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Counterprogramming
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scheduling a program that aims to attract a target audience different from those of other shows in the same time slot; often done to avoid competing directly with a popular series
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Pitch
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brief summary of a program idea
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Concept Testing
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research commissioned by network executives in order to determine whether the format of a proposed series appeals to members of the series' target audience; this often involves reading a one-paragraph description of series formats to people who fit the profile of likely viewers
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Treatment
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a multipage elaboration of a television series producer's initial pitch to network programming executives; the document describes the proposed show's setup and the way in which it relates to previous popular series
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Pilot
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a single episode that is used to test the viability of a series
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Preview Theaters
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venues to which members of a target audience are invited to engage in concept testing or to evaluate newly completed series pilots
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License
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the contract between a production company and network executives that grants the network permission to air each episode a certain number of times; usually 13 episodes of a series are ordered
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Stripping
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five-day-a-week placement of a television show; programmers believe that, in certain day parts, placing the same show in the same time slot each weekday lends a predictability to the schedule that target audiences appreciate
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Off-Network Syndication
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a situation in which a distributor takes a program that has already been shown on network television and rents episodes of that program to TV stations for local airing
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Out of Home Locations
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places such as airline waiting areas and store checkout lines where people congregate and likely pay attention to TV clips and commercials
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Stream
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the act of sending digital materials so they can be heard or viewed as they are sent, without having to be saved first
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TEL-T 207 : EXAM 2