AMST-A 100 : EXAM 1
91 Cards in this Set
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American Studies
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4 main keywords: interdisciplinary, diverse, transnational, hemispheric
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America
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A broader Americas-> nothing concrete, not just a land mass, but interconnected forces.
The boundaries of America are drawn by race, class, gender, sexuality, etc.
-Citizenship and democracy
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Interdisciplinary
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More than one branch of knowledge
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Culture
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-American culture is a melting pot of cultures
-Diverse
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Nation
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-not geographically defined
-Constructed through social and cultural processes, not natural
-Can be primarily created through print culture an the standardization of language
-Emphasizes self-determination
-Limited (do not consider all citizens)
-Race, gender, sexuality, etc. factor …
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Keywords
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1. Important terms
2. Unlock mysteries
3. Changing
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Transnational
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America is transnational, going beyond national boundaries, reaching to other areas of the world
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West Indies
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-British West Indies: slaves here,
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Freedom
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In 19th century, freedom= land ownership, goes hand-in-hand with place (see next card)
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Place
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Multiple identities, experienced differently by different people, process rather than static location, not an enclosure with universal borders
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Chattel Slavery
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Children who are born into slavery. Slavery= social death, economic death, lack of mobility, religion, and violence
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Enlightenment
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-Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg address shows enlightenment ideas: new nation, liberty, all men created equal, new birth of freedom, government of the people, by the people, for the people
-Ideas represented in visual culture and politics
def: adopted ideas of individualism and creativ…
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Free Labor
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-An ideology that people want to work for themselves
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Social Death
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Slaves unable to see family/friends, sold to different owners than their family members,
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Act of Abolition
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-To abolish slavery
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Agency
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Having the power to direct things in your own life
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Manifest Destiny
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1840's-1850's: idea to take over the Pacific side
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Homestead Act
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-related to land ownership/distribution
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Buffalo Soldiers
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def: black soldiers that joined the army during the civil was and went out west after war
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Dawes Act
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1887- dissolved communally owned land, distributed late 160 acre lots (similar to the Homestead Act) -nuclear families, citizenship for those who "adopted the habits of civilized life"
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Frontier Thesis
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-Idea that progression and the countries democracy is formed from the frontier
-"the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession (slowdown in economy), and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development"
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Union
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-Confederates
-Pro-slavery
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1882- Chinese no longer allowed into America-> Chinese immigration banned for ten years, extended to permanent ban in 1902, finally removed in 1965
-Chinese already in Amerca not granted citizenship
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Foreign Miners' Tax
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Mexicans who lived in Mexico that suddenly came to United States (mostly California and Texas) after war were forced to pay this tax- prohibitions form testifying in Court, loss of land
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Avater
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many argued that it was a modern day Pocahontas->an example of whites settling in the West
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Class
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working class worked in factories that had extremely dangerous conditions-> including small children, unskilled workers, immigrants who didn't understand language who therefore did not understand instruction, rural folk
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Culture of Capitalism
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-def of capitalism: private ownership, profits, markets, boom and bust (ex. housing market)
-New habits, values, morality, ideals, temporality, family, geography, sexuality
-Buying things we don't actually need to survive
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Industrial Revolution
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-Early 20th century, mass production
-Factories and workers migrate from countryside to cities, work no longer mixes with leisure (drinking a beer while on the job)-> now strictly work
-Faster, cheaper, bigger output for means of production
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American Dream
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-Making something of yourself in America
-Ex. Ragged Dick: "Pull yourself up by the bootstraps"
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Time
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Factory owners/people in general began to become obsessed with time efficiency-> resulted in alienation/ disconnection with real life
- Many worked 12 hour-long shifts, considered normal
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Scientific Management
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-involved taylorism->reduced wasted movements when swinging a hammer, results in faster production
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Minstrelsy
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-Blackface minstrelsy: White people would put on black makeup and act as blacks
Ex: Whites would dress up as country bums and do the Jim Crowe dance
-Why did this become so popular? Because many whit working class were moving from countryside to industrial cities and they too longed to…
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Modern Times
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...
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Social Gospel
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-Protestant churches= "Social Gospel"
-A movement introduced by Protestant church to work in the Christian religion with social affairs of the time
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Urbanization
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-Move from countryside to city->
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Immigration
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-American food immigrated to Europe
-Pograms: European urbanization (an idea adopted from American culture)
-Industrialization in Western Europe
-"American fever" all over the world: Everyone wanted to be like the US, similar feel as the American dream
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Nativism
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-Defense and perpetuation of "native" population
-Anti-immigrant, nationalistic
-Ex: American Protective Association
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Whiteness
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-Race is socially constructed, whiteness changes, inheritance of privileges, citizenship
-Ex: Irish not considered "white" previously, but now considered white in modern times
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Reform
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Bureaucracy, Rational, Scientific--> influenced by scientific idea about race, used to figure out how to be more efficient
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Eugenics
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-Idea of improving the genetic quality of the human population
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Social Darwinism
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-Defender of capitalism
-John D. Rockefeller- the "best people" rise to the top naturally and they should lead us all
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Nationalism
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-Idea of being attached/a part of one nation
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Print Culture
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-People began to view themselves as part of a larger community because of the print
-Print capitalism: print in 15th century aimed at Latin readers, but the market began to expand once other languages were translated
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Articulation of Difference
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-measurements, science, categories, print create an illusion of a stable "reality"
-17th, 18th, and 19th century: an obsession with creating the "standard" of "ideal" definitions of types of people
-Example: Who deserves the rights of citizenship?
-ex: male, female, white, black, etc.
…
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Vertical Integration
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def: shoe factory example--> buy sheep farm and rubber plantations (various means of production) to increase profit
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Horizontal Integration
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def: Companies buy each other out-->squeeze out competition
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Cuba
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-America was seen as the "big brother," trying to civilize Cuba, helped Cuba fight for their independence from Spain
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Colonialism
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-Control by one power over another dependent power
-US control over Cuba and "lesser" colonies
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New Imperialism
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-Goal: new markets, raw materials, and military bases
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Berlin Conference
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-America was not a prevalent country being represented at the Berlin Conference
-More of a bystander because "important" countries like England, Spain, etc. would not allow the US to participate
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White Man's Burden
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-The white man's responsibility to carry everyone on their back, paternalism interfere on nation's affairs
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Manliness
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-Theodore Roosevelt
-men= highly evolved and adult, assertive, control, fit
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Philippines
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-Another main location where Spanish American War was fought,
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Propaganda
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-def: fight for public opinion
-George Creel: "The one way to form a steadfast, enduring public opinion is to inform it"
-Relationship between propaganda and morale
-Thomas Paine= MASTER propogandist
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Citizenship
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-A key concept of the question "What is America?"
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Color Line
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-the term used to describe the segregation in the United States after the abolition of slavery
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Diaspora
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-Older def's: "mass, forced dispersal"
-Newer def's: transnational, in motion, changing, routes rather than roots, "set of practices"-> linkages
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The New Negro
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-assertive, urban, sophisticated, cosmopolitan
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Marcus Garvey
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-Jamaican political leader
-Black nationalism-> founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, Harlem
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Kojo Tovalou Houenou
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...
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Black Belt Thesis
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...
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Advertising
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-displayed large amount of info vs. now->small info with dramatic presentation and emotional appeal
-Older ads= utility, large amount of text, informational- quality appeal to logic and reason
-Modern ads= emotional, more presentable info, not how a product works (logic) but what it wil…
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PR (Public Relations)
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-Became important during Pre World War I era
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Conspicuous Consumption
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-def: spending money on goods simply so other people can see that you own them
-Ex: buying multiple pairs of sheos to display your wealth
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Thorstein Veblen
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Ostentations use of good or services to indicate wealth or social status
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Freud
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-Psychoanalyst
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Frankfurt School
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...
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Emotion
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-Advertisements transitioned from an informational approach to a more emotional approach
Ex. "This lipstick will make you prettier" rather than "this lipstick is composed of x, y, and z ingredients"
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New Women
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-"Two Ford Family"-> Women now had mobility
-Cigarettes: used to draw women in->"torches of freedom," connected with women's movement-> win/win situation for both women and cigarette company owners (such as Edward Bernays)
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Agency
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-def: the capacity for human beings to make choices
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Engineering Consent
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-How to convince people to change their buying habits?
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Fordism
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-Two Ford Family idea
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Alienation from Modes of Production
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-The process whereby the worker is made to feel alienated from the product they are producing
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Democratization of Desire
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...
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A nation is ________ _____________.
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socially constructed
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Limited nation=
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-No nation encompasses all people
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Sovereign Nation=
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-Nations strive for "freedom" and self determination
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Community nation=
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conceived of as a comradeship of equals
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What is a nation-state?
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A political entity that defines itself as a nation
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What was print capitalism like in the 15th century? How did it change?
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-Aimed at Latin readers only-> only written in Latin
-How it changed: new translations became available to many languages
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How did the print culture make people feel?
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-Felt as part of a laurger community
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What does language provide?
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-A powerful mean to root a nation to it's past
-Suggests a link between contemporary society and its ancestors
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What was the Bayonet Constitution and when was it made?
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-Made in 1887
-Dismissed legislature, took away native Hawaiian land rights, votes based on property ownership
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What was the attitude of the US before the US Age of Empire and after this age began (which was when)?
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Before: domestic, contiguous expansion
-After 1898: overseas expansion
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What did the Teller Amendment say?
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-The US would aid Cuba for "liberty and freedom" from Spain
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When was Hawaii annexed? What does annex mean in this context?
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-1898
-Gain control of, make a part of the United States
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Who were the Rough Riders?
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-TR's soldiers during the Spanish American War
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What was going on with Puerto Rico During the Spanish American War?
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-Turned into a low wage plantation economy
-By 1920, among the poorest areas of the Caribbean
-Residents were denied citizenship until 1917
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What were major events that happened in 1898, 1899, and 1903?
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1898: July, US annexed Hawaii
-1899: Open Door Policy-> America began exporting to China
-1903: Involvement in Panama over canal
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What happened in Plessy v. Ferguson
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-Idea of "separate but equal" was established
-Color line
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Who was Zora Neale Hurston?
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-Studied in the field of anthropology
-Writer during the Harlem Renaissance
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