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AMST-A 100 : EXAM 1
American Studies |
4 main keywords: interdisciplinary, diverse, transnational, hemispheric |
America |
A broader Americas-> nothing concrete, not just a land mass, but interconnected forces.
The boundaries of America are drawn by race, class, gender, sexuality, etc.
-Citizenship and democracy |
Interdisciplinary |
More than one branch of knowledge |
Culture |
-American culture is a melting pot of cultures
-Diverse |
Nation |
-not geographically defined
-Constructed through social and cultural processes, not natural
-Can be primarily created through print culture an the standardization of language
-Emphasizes self-determination
-Limited (do not consider all citizens)
-Race, gender, sexuality, etc. factor into citizenship rights of people within a nation
-Transnational expression of nationalism= spread across political borders |
Keywords |
1. Important terms
2. Unlock mysteries
3. Changing |
Transnational |
America is transnational, going beyond national boundaries, reaching to other areas of the world
|
West Indies |
-British West Indies: slaves here, |
Freedom |
In 19th century, freedom= land ownership, goes hand-in-hand with place (see next card) |
Place |
Multiple identities, experienced differently by different people, process rather than static location, not an enclosure with universal borders |
Chattel Slavery |
Children who are born into slavery. Slavery= social death, economic death, lack of mobility, religion, and violence |
Enlightenment |
-Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg address shows enlightenment ideas: new nation, liberty, all men created equal, new birth of freedom, government of the people, by the people, for the people
-Ideas represented in visual culture and politics
def: adopted ideas of individualism and creativity rather than tradition, a "natural" and "universal" movement-> move from traditional to more realistic ideas |
Free Labor |
-An ideology that people want to work for themselves |
Social Death |
Slaves unable to see family/friends, sold to different owners than their family members, |
Act of Abolition |
-To abolish slavery
|
Agency |
Having the power to direct things in your own life |
Manifest Destiny |
1840's-1850's: idea to take over the Pacific side |
Homestead Act |
-related to land ownership/distribution |
Buffalo Soldiers |
def: black soldiers that joined the army during the civil was and went out west after war |
Dawes Act |
1887- dissolved communally owned land, distributed late 160 acre lots (similar to the Homestead Act) -nuclear families, citizenship for those who "adopted the habits of civilized life" |
Frontier Thesis |
-Idea that progression and the countries democracy is formed from the frontier
-"the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession (slowdown in economy), and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development" |
Union |
-Confederates
-Pro-slavery |
Chinese Exclusion Act |
1882- Chinese no longer allowed into America-> Chinese immigration banned for ten years, extended to permanent ban in 1902, finally removed in 1965
-Chinese already in Amerca not granted citizenship |
Foreign Miners' Tax |
Mexicans who lived in Mexico that suddenly came to United States (mostly California and Texas) after war were forced to pay this tax- prohibitions form testifying in Court, loss of land |
Avater |
many argued that it was a modern day Pocahontas->an example of whites settling in the West |
Class |
working class worked in factories that had extremely dangerous conditions-> including small children, unskilled workers, immigrants who didn't understand language who therefore did not understand instruction, rural folk |
Culture of Capitalism |
-def of capitalism: private ownership, profits, markets, boom and bust (ex. housing market)
-New habits, values, morality, ideals, temporality, family, geography, sexuality
-Buying things we don't actually need to survive |
Industrial Revolution |
-Early 20th century, mass production
-Factories and workers migrate from countryside to cities, work no longer mixes with leisure (drinking a beer while on the job)-> now strictly work
-Faster, cheaper, bigger output for means of production |
American Dream |
-Making something of yourself in America
-Ex. Ragged Dick: "Pull yourself up by the bootstraps" |
Time |
Factory owners/people in general began to become obsessed with time efficiency-> resulted in alienation/ disconnection with real life
- Many worked 12 hour-long shifts, considered normal |
Scientific Management |
-involved taylorism->reduced wasted movements when swinging a hammer, results in faster production |
Minstrelsy |
-Blackface minstrelsy: White people would put on black makeup and act as blacks
Ex: Whites would dress up as country bums and do the Jim Crowe dance
-Why did this become so popular? Because many whit working class were moving from countryside to industrial cities and they too longed to move back to countryside
-Why was black makeup necessary? To appear that they aren't the ones who are bothered by the move, but the blacks are
|
Modern Times |
... |
Social Gospel |
-Protestant churches= "Social Gospel"
-A movement introduced by Protestant church to work in the Christian religion with social affairs of the time
|
Urbanization |
-Move from countryside to city-> |
Immigration |
-American food immigrated to Europe
-Pograms: European urbanization (an idea adopted from American culture)
-Industrialization in Western Europe
-"American fever" all over the world: Everyone wanted to be like the US, similar feel as the American dream |
Nativism |
-Defense and perpetuation of "native" population
-Anti-immigrant, nationalistic
-Ex: American Protective Association |
Whiteness |
-Race is socially constructed, whiteness changes, inheritance of privileges, citizenship
-Ex: Irish not considered "white" previously, but now considered white in modern times |
Reform |
Bureaucracy, Rational, Scientific--> influenced by scientific idea about race, used to figure out how to be more efficient |
Eugenics |
-Idea of improving the genetic quality of the human population |
Social Darwinism |
-Defender of capitalism
-John D. Rockefeller- the "best people" rise to the top naturally and they should lead us all |
Nationalism |
-Idea of being attached/a part of one nation |
Print Culture |
-People began to view themselves as part of a larger community because of the print
-Print capitalism: print in 15th century aimed at Latin readers, but the market began to expand once other languages were translated |
Articulation of Difference |
-measurements, science, categories, print create an illusion of a stable "reality"
-17th, 18th, and 19th century: an obsession with creating the "standard" of "ideal" definitions of types of people
-Example: Who deserves the rights of citizenship?
-ex: male, female, white, black, etc.
-To be the "namer" of something meant POWER |
Vertical Integration |
def: shoe factory example--> buy sheep farm and rubber plantations (various means of production) to increase profit
|
Horizontal Integration |
def: Companies buy each other out-->squeeze out competition |
Cuba |
-America was seen as the "big brother," trying to civilize Cuba, helped Cuba fight for their independence from Spain |
Colonialism |
-Control by one power over another dependent power
-US control over Cuba and "lesser" colonies |
New Imperialism |
-Goal: new markets, raw materials, and military bases |
Berlin Conference |
-America was not a prevalent country being represented at the Berlin Conference
-More of a bystander because "important" countries like England, Spain, etc. would not allow the US to participate
|
White Man's Burden |
-The white man's responsibility to carry everyone on their back, paternalism interfere on nation's affairs |
Manliness |
-Theodore Roosevelt
-men= highly evolved and adult, assertive, control, fit |
Philippines |
-Another main location where Spanish American War was fought, |
Propaganda |
-def: fight for public opinion
-George Creel: "The one way to form a steadfast, enduring public opinion is to inform it"
-Relationship between propaganda and morale
-Thomas Paine= MASTER propogandist
|
Citizenship |
-A key concept of the question "What is America?" |
Color Line |
-the term used to describe the segregation in the United States after the abolition of slavery |
Diaspora |
-Older def's: "mass, forced dispersal"
-Newer def's: transnational, in motion, changing, routes rather than roots, "set of practices"-> linkages |
The New Negro |
-assertive, urban, sophisticated, cosmopolitan |
Marcus Garvey |
-Jamaican political leader
-Black nationalism-> founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, Harlem |
Kojo Tovalou Houenou |
... |
Black Belt Thesis |
... |
Advertising |
-displayed large amount of info vs. now->small info with dramatic presentation and emotional appeal
-Older ads= utility, large amount of text, informational- quality appeal to logic and reason
-Modern ads= emotional, more presentable info, not how a product works (logic) but what it will do for you (emotions) |
PR (Public Relations) |
-Became important during Pre World War I era |
Conspicuous Consumption |
-def: spending money on goods simply so other people can see that you own them
-Ex: buying multiple pairs of sheos to display your wealth |
Thorstein Veblen |
Ostentations use of good or services to indicate wealth or social status |
Freud |
-Psychoanalyst |
Frankfurt School |
... |
Emotion |
-Advertisements transitioned from an informational approach to a more emotional approach
Ex. "This lipstick will make you prettier" rather than "this lipstick is composed of x, y, and z ingredients" |
New Women |
-"Two Ford Family"-> Women now had mobility
-Cigarettes: used to draw women in->"torches of freedom," connected with women's movement-> win/win situation for both women and cigarette company owners (such as Edward Bernays) |
Agency |
-def: the capacity for human beings to make choices |
Engineering Consent |
-How to convince people to change their buying habits? |
Fordism |
-Two Ford Family idea |
Alienation from Modes of Production |
-The process whereby the worker is made to feel alienated from the product they are producing |
Democratization of Desire |
... |
A nation is ________ _____________. |
socially constructed |
Limited nation= |
-No nation encompasses all people |
Sovereign Nation= |
-Nations strive for "freedom" and self determination |
Community nation= |
conceived of as a comradeship of equals |
What is a nation-state? |
A political entity that defines itself as a nation |
What was print capitalism like in the 15th century? How did it change? |
-Aimed at Latin readers only-> only written in Latin
-How it changed: new translations became available to many languages |
How did the print culture make people feel? |
-Felt as part of a laurger community |
What does language provide? |
-A powerful mean to root a nation to it's past
-Suggests a link between contemporary society and its ancestors |
What was the Bayonet Constitution and when was it made? |
-Made in 1887
-Dismissed legislature, took away native Hawaiian land rights, votes based on property ownership |
What was the attitude of the US before the US Age of Empire and after this age began (which was when)? |
Before: domestic, contiguous expansion
-After 1898: overseas expansion |
What did the Teller Amendment say? |
-The US would aid Cuba for "liberty and freedom" from Spain |
When was Hawaii annexed? What does annex mean in this context? |
-1898
-Gain control of, make a part of the United States |
Who were the Rough Riders? |
-TR's soldiers during the Spanish American War |
What was going on with Puerto Rico During the Spanish American War? |
-Turned into a low wage plantation economy
-By 1920, among the poorest areas of the Caribbean
-Residents were denied citizenship until 1917 |
What were major events that happened in 1898, 1899, and 1903? |
1898: July, US annexed Hawaii
-1899: Open Door Policy-> America began exporting to China
-1903: Involvement in Panama over canal
|
What happened in Plessy v. Ferguson |
-Idea of "separate but equal" was established
-Color line |
Who was Zora Neale Hurston? |
-Studied in the field of anthropology
-Writer during the Harlem Renaissance |