42 Cards in this Set
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Nurture
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empiricism: Locke, babies come into this world not knowing anything & learn through experiences; not specific to development but to learning principles; development is SLOW, to see change need lots of experiences
PROBLEMS: babies have at least rudimentary knowledge when born (not naive),…
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Nature
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-nativism; babies come into world with knowledge systems special to just humans, not about experiences but by biology (everything is predetermined), can only study babies
PROBLEM: predetermined not true, a lot of evidence of interaction between biology and environment,
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Continuity
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a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with; knowledge gets bigger and bigger
-development is a smooth, continuous process
- adults are just bigger version of babies! tree analogy
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Discontinuity
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a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
-children change rapidly as they step up to a new level of development and change very little for awhile; with each step, the child interprets and responds to the world in a qualitatively …
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Stage theories
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qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development; development is like climbing a staircase, with each step corresponding to a more mature, reorganized way of functioning
- change is sudden as they step up from one stage to the n…
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Context
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unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
personal: heredity, biological makeup
environmental: home, child-care, school, community resources, historical time period
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reliability
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degree to which independent measures of behaviors are consistent (i.e. observers must agree on what they see)
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inter-rater reliability
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in observational research, observers are asked to evaluate the same behaviors, and agreement between them is obtained
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test-retest reliability
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reliability of self-report and neurobiological data can be demonstrated by comparing children's responses to the same measures on separate occassions
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validity
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degree to which a test or an experiment measures what it is intended to measure
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internal validity vs. external validity
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- conditions internal to the design of the study permit an accurate test of the researcher's hypothesis or question
- findings generalize to settings and participants outside the original study
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what are 3 contexts for gathering data
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interviews, naturalistic observation, structured observation
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interviews: clinical
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clinical: (unstructured) questions adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides; researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe the participants point of view
PROBLEM: accuracy with which people report thoughts, feelings, etc. (want to please interviewer, troub…
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interviews: structured
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all participants get same questions,
STRENGTHS: more efficient, answers are briefer, researchers can obtain written responses form an entire group at the same time
PROBLEMS: dont yield same depth of information as a clinical interview, inaccurate reporting
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Interviews: case studies
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-brings together wide range of information on one child; aim is to complete best picture possible of child
STRENGTHS: yields richly detailed case narratives that offer valuable insights into development
PROBLEMS: researcher's bias can get in way, researchers can't assume conclusions can…
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Naturalistic observation
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observation of behavior in natural contexts
STRENGTHS: reflects participants' everyday behaviors
PROBLEMS: cannot control conditions under which participants are observed (not all children have the same opportunity to display a particular behavior in everyday life); accuracy of observat…
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structured observation
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-observation of behavior in a lab, where conditions are same for everyone
STRENGTHS: grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest; permits study of behaviors rarely seen in everyday life
PROBLEMS: can't yield observations typical of everyday life
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ethnography
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like case study, ethnographic research is a descriptive, qualitative technique; directed at aiming to understand a culture of social group through participant observation
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Correlational design
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- look at relationships between participants characteristics and behavior or development
association between two variables
PROBLEMS: correlation doesn't equal causation, third variable problem,
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experimental design
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-Controlled setting
-experimental group receives an experience of interest, the independent variable
-Those in the control group do not receive this experience
-The dependent variable is a behavior that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable
Random assignment- prot…
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Natural experiments
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- investigator compares already existing treatments in real world ; studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants are carefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible
PROS: permit researchers to examine impact of conditi…
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longitudinal design
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- people are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older
PROS: tracks performance of each person over time so researchers can identify common patterns and individual differences in development; permits investigator to examine relationships between early …
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cross-sectional design
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-investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same time
PROS: more efficient, avoids all cons of long.
CONS: doesn't permit study of individual developmental trends; age differences may be distorted b/c of cohort effect
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sequential design
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- investigator conduct several cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations (sequences); they might study people over same ages but in different years or study people over different ages but during same years
PROS: reveals cohort effects!
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microgenetic
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investigator presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over series of closely spaced sessions
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mutations,
crossing over,
random assortment
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- all mechanisms contributing to genetic diversity
- a sudden but permanent change in segment of DNA
- chromosome next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments, so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another
- random way of sperm/ovu…
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X-linked characteristics seen more in boys or girls?
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boys, b/c sex chromosomes do not match (XY)
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Name 4 disorders that are included under sex chromosome abnormalities
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males: XYY syndrome, Klinfelter syndrome: XXY
females: turner syndrome: XO, XXX syndrome
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males: klienfelter's syndrome, XYY syndrome
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- extra X chromosome; incomplete development of sex characteristics at puberty, sterile, look like females
- extra Y chromosome; phenotypically normal, typical males, but have accelerated growth & height is above average for racial ethnic group
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females: turner syndrome, XXX syndrome
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- missing X chromosome, have ovaries, look like peers but don't develop 2ndary sex characteristics (can be sterile)
- extra X chromosome, sexual development and fertility normal
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canalization
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- gene-environment interaction
- tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes; a behavior that is strongly canalized develops similarly in a wide range of environments; only strong environmental forces can change it
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Gene-enviornment correlation: passive, evocative, and active
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- child has no control over it, parents provide environments influenced by own heredity
- responses children evoke from others are influenced by child's heredity and these responses strengthen child's original style
- actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies
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niche picking
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- tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity
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grey matter vs. white matter
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- cell bodies and dendrites
-neuronal axons and myelin sheaths
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6 developmental events of brain maturation
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1) Neurogenesis
2) Migration of cells
3) Cell differentiation
4) Synaptogenesis
5) Myelination
6) Synaptic pruning
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Experience-expectant brain growth
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-refers to young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences-opportunities to interact with people, hear language, etc.; as a result of evolution, brains of young children expect to encounter these experiences
- occurs naturally
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experience-dependent brain growth
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- consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that very widely across individuals and cultures
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3 periods of prenatal development
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1) germinal: conception-2 wks
2) embryonic: 2- 8 wks
3) fetal: 8wks-9 months
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Major events in germinal
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-zygote->blastocyst-> implantation into uterine lining
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major events in embryonic
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-major development of organ and organ systems (i.e. 3 layers form
-support systems develop (umbilical cord, amnion, placenta)
- sense of touch, embryo can move at 4-8 wks!!
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major events in fetal
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-most vital organs have formed
-rapid increase in size
- sex evident at 3rd month
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teratogens
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any environmental
agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
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PSYC 307 Exam 1