SOC 2010: EXAM 1
67 Cards in this Set
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The Sociological Imagination
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Way of seeing the world in a broader context.
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Social Location
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The intersection of history and biography - how your background and personal experiences shape your views.
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Biography
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Gender, age, social class, etc
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Trouble
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One person's problem
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Issue
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Society as a whole's problem
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Origin of Sociology
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Mid-1800's in Europe
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Rise of Sociology
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Influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the rise of democracy.
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Auguste Comte
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Father of sociology
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Herbert Spencer
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Was a social darwinist
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Karl Marx
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Studied class conflict theory
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Emile Durkheim
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Studied suicide and social integration
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Max Weber
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Thought religion was the driving force in social change
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Jane Addams
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Created the Hull House
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Created the Hull House
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Created the NAACP
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C. Wright Mills
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Created the power elite
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Symbolic Interactionists (Micro)
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Study small-scale interaction, view symbols as the basis of social life, seek to understand meanings
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Structural Functionalists (Macro)
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Treat society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together to fulfill society's needs, look at both structure and function
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Conflict Theorists (Macro)
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Seek to understand how groups compete for scarce resources, examine conflict in all relationships of power and authority
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Types of Sociological Research
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Surveys, participant observation/fieldwork, secondary analysis, documents/content analysis, experiments, unobtrusive measures
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Culture
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A learned and shared way of believing and doing that is passed down from one generation to the next
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Material Culture
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Aspects of culture that we can see/touch
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Nonmaterial Culture
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Aspects of culture that we can't see/touch
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging another culture's value by the standards of one's own
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Cultural Relativism
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The belief that all values and views of a culture are relative to that culture
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Culture Shock
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Occurs when one is placed into a different culture with different customs than they are used to
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Sanction
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Positive or negative reaction to other's behavior
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Values
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Ideas about what is desirable in life
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Norms
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Behavioral expectations that develop out of a group's values
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Folkways
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Slightly not allowed
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Mores
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Very not allowed
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Taboo
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So not allowed that it doesn't fit in the realm of what is acceptable in society
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Subcultures
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Compatible with a dominant culture, usually within a dominant culture
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Countercultures
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Against a dominant culture, usually within a dominant culture
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Socialization
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The process by which we learn the way of our society
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Charles H. Cooley
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Thought human nature was socially created
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The Looking Glass Self
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The process by which our sense of self develops, imagining how we appear to others, interpreting others' reactions to us, and developing a self-concept
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George Herbert Mead
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Theorized that play is critical to the development of self because we learn to take the role of the other
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Paul Ekman
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Thought everyone uses the same facial expressions to show six basic emotions, but the experience of emotions may vary depending upon culture and social location
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Gender Socialization
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Society has different expectations for boys and girls and nudges them in separate directions throughout life
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Agents of Socialization
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People and groups that influence our life orientations
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Resocialization
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The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match new situations in life
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Social Structure
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The patterned relationships between people that persist over time and create a framework for society
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Social Institutions
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Society's organized and standard ways of meeting its basic needs
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Social Status
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A particular position in society that an individual occupies
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Ascribed Status
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Happens to you, born with it
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Achieved Status
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Earn it, do something to make it happen
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Master Status
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Know it just by looking at you (usually ascribed)
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Stereotypes
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Our assumptions about what people are like based upon what we have observed or heard about them
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Personal Distance
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18"-4'
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Social Distance
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4'-12'
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Public Distance
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12' plus
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Dramaturgy
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Erving Goffman's theory that compares life to a play in order to explain how we present ourselves in everyday life
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Social Construction of Reality
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The theory that examines the ways that we construct reality through our interactions with others
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The Thomas Theorem
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If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
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Groups
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People that have a definite sense of belonging together and that interact with one another regularly
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Primary Groups
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Family, best friends - interact regularly with each other, are close
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Secondary Groups
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Church group, class, fraternity, team, coworkers - interact, get along, shape who we are but not to the same extent
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Reference Groups
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Professionals, rock stars, "cool kids" - group you want to be a part of
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In-Groups and Out-Groups
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Clemson-Carolina - rival groups, can't have one without the other, often competitive or violent
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Social Networks
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Social ties that extend outward from a person
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Group Dynamics
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How individuals and groups reciprocally influence each other
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Instrumental Leader
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Try to keep group on track
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Expressive Leader
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Tries to boost morale and excitement
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Laissez-Faire
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Hands off style of leadership
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Soloman Asch
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Showed peer pressure has a strong effect on group behavior
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Stanley Milgram
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Showed that authority affected group behavior, electrocution experiment
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Rationalization of Society
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The tendency for bureaucracies to increasingly dominate our lives
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SOC 2010: EXAM 1