87 Cards in this Set
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Decision Factors
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Who is your audience?
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Decision Factors
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What is your topic assignment?
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Decision Factors
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Physical location of your speech
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Decision Factors
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What is your audience's background?
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Global Decisions
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Overall shape and goal of your speech
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Global Decisions
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What is your specific topic?
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Global Decisions
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Audience outcome goal
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Global Decisions
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Organization of Main Points
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Global Decisions
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Overall thesis of your speech
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Local Decisions
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Decisions made that affect only part of the speech
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Local Decisions
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Delivery
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Extemporaneous
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Type of speech delivery required in this class
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Local Decisions
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Type of Language used in speech
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Local Decisions
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Support materials used in speech
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Primary Speech Goal
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Persuades, informs, entertains, honors
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Audience Outcome Goals
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Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral
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Cognitive Outcome
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Audience learns something new, establishes a new understanding, change beliefs, acquire a new belief
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Affective Outcome
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Emotional, creates or causes a feeling of change or emotional reaction using the content of the speech
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Behavioral Outcome
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Used to help audience believe an action is justified
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Second Level Claim
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Main points, claims that support the thesis
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Mutual Incusiveness
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Everything used within main points included and relevant to the thesis
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Subordinate points
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(Local Decisions), Illustrates, reinforces, explains concept behind main ideas
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Support Materials
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Support and develop main and sub points
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Defamation
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Claims against another person's character that cannot be supported with evidence, potential damage to reputation, claims made not founded on fact
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Clear and Present Danger
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Potential to endanger, Shouting "Fire" in a crowded theatre
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Rhetorical Sensitivity
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Have an awareness of the audience's feelings, stay honest, but avoid subjects that could embarrass, exclude, or wound an audience, statements of judgement have concrete support
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Movement through time, change
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Two essential narrative elements
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Advantages of Narrative
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Easy to follow structure, promotes memory of structure and content, enhances interest, provides variety
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Case Study
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Deliberate study of a person, organization, group, or natural phenomenon, reports factual information
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Case Study
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Use as a narrative as a progression through stages, allows audience to learn about a problem or study
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History
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Life history of a given person, organization, or natural phenomenon, free to include opinion
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History
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Real experiences are chosen because they form a narrative, may include outside resources and viewpoints
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Story
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Narrative tactic that deals more with plot, enhanced by detail and comment
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Story
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Narrative tactic that promotes a better understanding of a topic and enhacnes a higher learning capability, illustrates one or more moral
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Case Study, History, Story
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Three categories of Narration
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Plot, Characters, Setting
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Three Components of Narration
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Opener, Intro Transition, Thesis
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Three components of an introduction
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Opener
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Portion of the intro that grabs the audience's attention, but is also topic related
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Intro Transition
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Topic background, speaker background, audience need to know
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Thesis
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Preview of main points in the intro
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Internal Transitions
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Review points made in the intro, preview next point coming up, made between each main point in the speech
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Same Class Comparison
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Things that are alike at first glance
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Different Class Comparison
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Things that are intially different, but share common features
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Common Experience in a new way, Assist in making a choice, explaining a complex idea
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Three Types of Comparison Speeches
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Common Experience in a New Way
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Two items not typically thought of together
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Assist in Making a Choice
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Focus on similarities so audience can make a superior choice
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Explaining a Complex Idea
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Explaining how each point of an item is like the other, item being used to clarify should be familiar to the audience
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Motivation to Remember, Nature of the Information Presented, Memorable information, Repitition and rehearsal
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Four Memory Enhancing Variables
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Intrinsic Rewards
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Rewards from within
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Extrinsic Rewards
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Rewards that come from something or someone else
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Extrinsic and Instrinsic rewards, Specific language, Humor, Meaningful content, Associations, repitition
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Six Memory Promoting Speech Strategies
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Self Evident, Direct Observation, Testimony, Circumstances
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Four types of Evidence Claims
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Self Evident
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Claim that requires no support, meaning of the words in the claim make the claim acceptable
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Direct Observation
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Audience's senses make the claim acceptable, only possible when speaker shares object or demonstration
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Testimony
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Statement of fact or opinion that serves as a basis for a belief
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Expert opinion, statistics, factual data
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Three types of testimony
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Expert Opinion
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Usually given on subjects when there is no single right answer, soft evidence
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Statistics
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Number produced from data that has been organized and analyzed, hard evidence
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Factual Data
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Produced from measurements, direct observation by an expert, or historical record, hard evidence
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Quantative Data, Informative statements, Examples, Exhibits
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Examples of Factual Data
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Circumstance
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Consists of accompanying facts, events, or conditions that point to the claim being made
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Circumstance
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The facts, events or conditions are factual data, while the claims are hypothesis
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Hypothesis
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What might have happened or could have happened, formed when there is a lack of direct observation
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phrased affirmatively, consistent with relevant circumstance, should employ no more assumptions than necessary
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Three conditions of a successful hypothesis
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Agree, disagree, doubt
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Three goals of Inductive speeches are to have the audience...
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Argument
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A set of claims defended by evidence or inference
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Inference
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The process from a premise to a conclusion
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Premise
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Provides a reason for accepting another claim
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Conclusion
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What follows or what is implied from the premise
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Data, Warrant, Conclusion
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Elements of Argument
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Data
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Informative Claims providing the basis for the conclusion
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Warrant
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Explains the connection of the data to the conclusion
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Serial Argument
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Conclusion from one argument becomes the premise for another, does not necessarily have to follow logic
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Linked Argument
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Uses several reasons or conclusions of smaller arguments to support the same main conclusion
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Deductive and Inductive
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Two types of reasoning used in an argument
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Deductive Reasoning
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The conclusion follows the premise with 100% certainty, follows rules of logic to prove conclusion beyond a doubt
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Valid
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If the premise is true, then the conclusion must be true
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Invalid
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The Conclusion is not guaranteed from the premise
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Sound
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The argument is both valid and true
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Unsound
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The argument is invalid, untrue, or both
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Inductive Reasoning
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Conclusion follows premises with only probably certainty, cannot be absolutely sure a conclusion will be true even though the premise is true
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Inductive Reasoning
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Never valid
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Cause and Effect, Sign, Inductive Generalization, Analogy
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Four types of inductive arguments
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Cause and Effect
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One or more events leads to another
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Sign
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One thing indicates another, clues or symptoms, NOT causes
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Inductive Generalizations
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Features of a small group are applied to a large group, Inference is made from a subset population to the whole
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Analogy
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Items 1 and 2 share some freatures, so they probably share other features
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COMM 105: EXAM 1