Chapter 1 What is communication? “An action or actions that a person consciously uses to affect others behaviors.” (Miller) “Process by which we stimulate meaning in the minds of others using both verbal and nonverbal messages.” (McCroskey and Richmond) -is an ongoing process -is audience centered Components of Communication Source: The person/place/thing from which communication originates. Encoding: A process of choosing the symbols to use to attempt to get the meaning across to another person; turning meaning into symbols. Message: The actual symbols used in an attempt to share meaning. Channel: What a source uses to send a message through. Receiver: The target of a message; whose mind the source wants to stimulate meaning in. Decoding: Turning symbols back into meaning Feedback: Messages sent back to a source about the original message sent. Noise: Something that impedes successful transmission of a message. This can be literal noise, but can be other things as well. Mass vs. Interpersonal Communication Mass Communication: Communication from a singular and impersonal source to a large and anonymous audience. Interpersonal Communication: Communication between a small number of people who share some sort of relationship.Mass Communication Interpersonal Communication -large anonymous audiences -smaller obvious audiences -sender controlled -controlled by all involved -one way communication -two way communication -books, radio, billboards -face to face, texting What is Mass-Personal communication? Mass-Personal Communication: “Communication at the intersection of traditional mass communication and traditional interpersonal communication.” O’ Sullivan (2005) suggest…. -That we use interpersonal channels for mass reasons -That we use mass channels for interpersonal reasons What is Mediated communication? Mediated Communication: Communication that relies on a technology channel in order to send a message between to entities. -It can be either mass or interpersonal communication -It does not need to be computer mediated 3 Characteristics of New Media Interactivity: Degree users can influence the form of content of the mediated environment. Demassification: Media are becoming less “mass” and allowing for greater interpersonal personalization. Asynchronicity: Messages do not have to be received/sent at the same time. Chapter 2 What is the Internet and how does it work? Internet: “A communication tool used the world over where people can come together to complain about movies and share pornography with one another.” “A network or networks, or the global network of networks.” “A tool used for a variety of communicative purposes.”Lower case “i” is simply a network of networks, but capital “I” is referring to the global interconnection of these networks that uses Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol to share information. -The internet is a decentralized organization, or an organization without a central leader. *ALL OF US RUN THE INTERNET* The internet as a digital space and how it has evolved… -Used by people to connect and create; it is a tool for people to accomplish their communicative goals. Generativity: Content is user generated, and users have the freedom to create whatever they want. Openness: -Behavior is not controlled -people govern themselves -everyone is free to pursue their own interest -Some people's interest are harmful. Simplicity: Rather than try to predict/prevent potential problems, the internet is let alone and problems are solved as they arise. Web 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Web 1.0: “mostly read-only Web” -one way information flow -static, not dynamic -users act largely as consumers -based on the notation of “read and retrieve” Web 2.0: -services over software -about the people and forming relationships -built on a foundation of “create and collaborate” Web 3.0: “the semantic web” -The ability for networked technologies to gather, organize and predict patterns in big data generated by users. *BIG DATA: Millions of peoples information.* Net Neutrality -All materials on the internet should be treated and distributed equally by ISPs. -Certain ISPs wanted to do away with any NN regulations.Chapter 3 What is the Law of Accelerating Returns? -Humans overestimate the immediate influences of a technology while underestimating it’s long term effects. -Technology changes quickly, and change engenders skepticism. -Technology changes are exponential not linear. -Linear means constant change. Linearity vs. Exponentiality Linearity: Linear is a constant growth in a relationship. Exponentiality: What technology changes look like on a graph. Exponentiality is no constant growth, just goes straight up. Technological determinism vs. Social shaping of technology Technological determinism: A perspective that suggest that technology drives society and culture. (technology shapes society) Social Shaping of technology: A perspective that suggest that technology and society shape each other. (technology develops in response to society's needs) *MOST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD TEND TO SUBSCRIBE TO TECHNOLOGY DETERMINISM* Cyborgs Are people and technology separate… or are we “natural- born” cyborgs? -People utilize technology to “extend” themselves. -Possibly because our brains have a high level of plasticity: they adapt well to new input. -Technology makes us more human (Clark 2004) Transparent vs. Opaque Technologies Transparent technologies: Technologies that have become so integrated, or seamless, into one’s use that they are no longer notices or recognized. Opaque technologies: Technologies that are still noticed during their use. Uses and Gratifications Theory & Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsUses and Gratifications Theory: An approach to the study of communication media that focuses on what people do with media, rather than what the media does to people. -UGT focuses on how we use technology to fit certain needs. -The social and psychological origins of needs. -Generate expectations of mass media. -Different patterns of media exposure. -Resulting in needs gratifications -Other consequences, perhaps unintended ones. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Human action is driven in large part by a need to feel self-actualized, that is, to feel as if we