101 Cards in this Set
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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"Father of Protozoology" and
"Father of Bacteriology"
-Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and
single celled protozoa; "animalcules"
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Grouped the 5 categories of microorganisms
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5 categories of microorganisms
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-Small animals
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Prokaryotes
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Fungi
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eukaryotic, cell walls, get food from other organisms (mold, yeast)
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Protozoa
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single celled eukaryotes, live in animal hosts
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Locomotion in Protozoa
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psudopodia
cilia
flagella
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Algae
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(unicellular or multicellular) Photosynthetic, categorized by pigmentation, storage products, and cell wall
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Prokaryotes
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unicellular, NO nuclei
reproduce asexually
2 kinds- bacteria & archaea
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Viruses
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NOT cells, made of protein and DNA/RNA
require a host for replication
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Principles of microscopy
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wavelength, refraction/magnification, resolution/contrast
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Refraction
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bending of light (radiation)
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Magnification
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perceived enlargement of an image
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Resolution
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capability of distinguishing between 2 adjacent objects
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Contrast
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difference in intensity between 2 objects or an object and a background
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Electron microscope limits
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can see proteins, ribosomes, viruses
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Light microscope limits
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hard to see viruses but can see cells
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Dark field microscope
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light against dark background
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Phase contrast microscopes
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3D against gray background
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Fluorescence microscope
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colored against black background
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Confocal microscopes
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removes out of focus light, can be stacked to make a 3D image
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Electron Microscopes
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view bacteria, viruses, internal cell structure, molecules and large atoms
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Transmission electron microscope
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Cross sections of cells/viruses to see internally
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Scanning electron microscopes
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surface views of organisms
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Scanning probe microscopes
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see single molecules and large atomic clusters
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Staining
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increase contrast and resolution with dyes
-simple, differential, special
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Gram stain
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differential stain
1. crystal violet (purple dye)
2. iodine (mordent)
3. alcohol (decolorize)
4. safranin (red dye)
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Gram stain turns gram positive what color?
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Purple
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Gram stain turns gram negative what color?
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Pink
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Domains of basic types of cells
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eukarya
bacteria
archaea
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Prokaryotes
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glycocalyces
flagella
fimbriae and pili
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Glycocalyces
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gelatin, sticky substance outside of cell
-capsule or slime layer
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Capsule
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firmly attached to cell, protects from drying out
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Slime layer
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loosely attached to cell, protects from drying out, allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces
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Flagella-prokaryotes
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movement, whiplike tail, rotary movements (boat propeller)
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Flagella structure/function-prokaryotes
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filament, hook, basal body
runs and tumbles
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Nonmotile extensions-prokaryotes
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fimbriae
pili
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Fimbriae
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sticky protein, stick out of cell wall for adherence
typically hundreds cover the cell
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Pili
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long hollow tubules, mediate transfer of DNA from cell to cell, bacteria typically have 1-2
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Prokaryotic Cell Walls
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structure, shape, protection
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Bacterial Cell Walls
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made of peptidoglycan, NAG and NAM sugars
Two types: Gram + and Gram -
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Gram Positive Cell Walls
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Thick peptidoglycan layer
-turns purple
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Gram Negative Cell Walls
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Thin peptidoglycan layer
-turns pink
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Passive Transport
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no ATP
-simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion
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need a protein carrier/channel
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Active transport
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Need ATP and carrier protein to go AGAINST the concentration gradient
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Uniporter
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single molecule transport
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Antiporter
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move multiple molecules in opposite directions
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symporter
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move multiple molecules in same direction
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Prokaryotic cell membrane
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lipid bilayer, semipermeable
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Cytoplasm-Prokaryotes
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contains all intracellular materials within the cell membrane
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Cytosol
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fluid in the cytoplasm
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Shapes of Prokaryotic cells
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spherical, rodlike, bent rods, corkscrew, variable
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Spherical
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coccus
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Rodlike
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bacillus
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Corkscrew
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spirillum
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Bent rods
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vibrio
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Variable shape
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pleomorphic
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Cell walls of plants, algae, fungas
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cellulose, agar, chitin
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Where is RNA synthesized
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in nucleoli (nucleus)
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Where are lipids synthesized
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smooth ER
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What transports proteins produced by ribosomes to the golgi
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Rough ER
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What recieves, processes and packages proteins for transport
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Golgi
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Produces ATP for the cell
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Mitochondria
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Region of cytoplasm where the centrioles are
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centrosome
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What stores light energy
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chloroplasts
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What breaks down cellular garbage
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lysosomes
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what contains enzymes for degrading wastes
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peroxisomes
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vacuoles/vesicles do what?
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store and transfer nutrients
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What is the sum of all chemical reactions required for growth and reproduction
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metabolism
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Minimum requirements for cells
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energy, carbon, nitrogen, water, ions
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Why do cells need energy (5 reasons)
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locomotion
reporduction
storage
energy production
growth
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What are light energy requirements called
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phototrophs
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what are chemical energy requirements called
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chemotrophs
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Carbon requirements that make their own food
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autotrophs
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Carbon requirements that feed on other organisms
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heterotrophs
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Build small to big molecules in a reaction
ATP to ADP + P
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anabolic reaction
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breakdown big molecules to small in a reaction
ADP + P to ATP
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catabolic
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What reactions are always coupled and move electrons
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redox reactions (reduction and oxidation)
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What reaction involves loss of electrons
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oxidation
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what reaction involves gain of electrons
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reduction
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What involves ATP being made by releasing energy in the form of electrons from organic to inorganic compounds
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reduction and oxidation
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Low energy electron carriers
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oxidized
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high energy electron carriers
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reduced
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the primary electron carriers for temporary storage of energy derived from redox reactions
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NAD +
NADP +
FAD
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Redox reactions process
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make ATP, break down to release energy, move energy
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The saturation point of enzymatic activity
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can't complete the reaction any faster
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What is the breakdown of glucose (6 carbon sugar) into 2 three carbon pyruvates
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glycolysis
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What is glycolysis with a twist (different set of enzymes)
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Entner Doudoroff Pathway
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Aerobic respiration involves what
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breakdown of organic energy into CO2 and water that REQUIRES oxygen
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3 stages of aerobic respiration
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pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle (citric acid)
electron transport chain
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prokaryotic flagella structure
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run and tumble, propeller, hook & basal body, external structure, made of flagellin
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eukaryotic flagella structure
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inside cell, wave motion, made of tubulin
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endospores-prokaryotes
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dormancy structures use a defense strategy to last a long time
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Prokaryotic cell division mechanisms (3)
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binary fission
snapping divison
budding
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What cell division is how most prokaryotes divide and replicates DNA then separates the two copies and divides in half
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binary fission
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What creates attached forms of cells with portions of cell wall still attached in two daughter cells
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snapping division
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Types of snapping division arrangements
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v shaped
palisade arrangement
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What copies genetic info and pushes it into a bud that pinches off
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budding
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Eukaryotic cell membrane
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contains cholesterol and steroid derived lipids
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eukaryotic cell walls
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rigid and made of polysaccharides
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external structure of eukaryotic cells
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ECM, flagella, cilia
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MIC 205: Final Exam