NTR 108: Exam 2
103 Cards in this Set
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Protein
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Long chain of amino acids
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Amino = ?
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Nitrogen
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Peptide Bond
-dipeptide
-polypeptide
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Links together 2 amino acids
-2 amino acids chemically joined
-more than 2
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Protein is an _______ nutrient.
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Essential (cannot be made by body)
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Essential Amino Acid (3)
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-Cannot be made by body (must be in diet)
**PROVIDE A SOURCE OF NITROGEN FOR OTHER COMPOUNDS
-Can be used as an energy source
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Non-essenital Amino Acids (3)
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-Body is able to make from other sources
-Source of nitrogen for other compounds
-Can be used as an energy source
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Functions of Proteins (8)
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-Structure
-Growth
-Maintenance and repair of body tissues
-Energy
-Hormone Production
-Blood proteins
-Enzymes
-Immune Function
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Blood Proteins (4)
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-Regulation of fluid & acid/base balance
-Blood clotting
-Delivery of O2 to tissues
-Transport proteins
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Enzyme Proteins-Speed up and control...(3)
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-Digestion
-Absorption
-Metabolism
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**Denaturation
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Results in a loss of protein function and exposure of peptide bonds for digestion (fist step of digestion)
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Protein Digestion-Mouth
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Grinding and mixing of food
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Protein Digestion-Stomach (3)
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-Protein structure denatured with acid
-Acid breaks bonds
-Pepsin (enzyme) breaks more bonds
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Protein Digestion-Pancreas
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Enzymes secreted into small intestine
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Protein Digestion-Small Intestine (2)
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-Proteins digested by pancreatic enzymes
-Small peptides broken into dipeptides
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In the adult, all protein must be absorbed as _______ or ________.
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Amino acids or Dipeptides
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Protein Absorbtion-Small Intestine (4)
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-Taken up into the enterocyte
-Released as amino acids into capillaries
-Capillaries > portal vein
-Portal vein > liver
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Protein Absorbtion-Liver
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Regulates level of amino acids in blood
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TRANSamination
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TRANSfer of an amine group from an amino acid to form a new amino acid
**Used for formation of nonessential amino acids, need vitamin B6
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Deamination
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Removal of the amino group from an amino acid
-Used for energy production, B6 needed
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Protein Intake (2)
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-Better usage when lower
-Poorer usage when high (used for energy)
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Protein Quality
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Animal proteins, moist cooking = more digestible
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Complete proteins
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Animal sources
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Incomplete proteins
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Plant sources
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Complementary Proteins
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Combination of complete & incomplete > high quality protein intake
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Need for Protein (6)
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-Maintenence
-Pregnancy
-Lactation
-Growth
-Exercise
-Disease
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Protein Requirement
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0.8 g/kg body wight
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Vege Diets-Pros (3)
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-Low in sat fat/chol.
-High fiber
-High vit./min.
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Vege Diets-Cons (5)
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-Low iron
-Low calcium
-Low energy
-Low protein density (preg.women & children)
-Low in B12 (vegans only)
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Protein Deficiency
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Kwashiorkor (Protein Malnutriton)
-swollen belly (Edema)
-impaired growth/immune
Marasmus
-look starved/wasted away
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Protein Supplements (Downfalls-2)
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-Not really useful
-Can be toxic
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Vitamin B6 Funtions (4)
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-Amino acid metabolism
-DNA metabolism
-Immune function
-Cognitive function
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Anabolism
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Basic building units used to build body compounds
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Catabolism
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Break down the basic building units for energy and excretion
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Metabolic Pathways (4)
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-Glucose
-Amino acids
-Fatty acids
-Alcohol
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Directly or indirectly _______ are involved in energy metabolism
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Vitamins
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Thiamin B1 (function)
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-Coenzyme for energy metabolism
-Nerve function
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Thiamin B1 (Deficiency)
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Beriberi
Wet-Edema (swollen belly), heart failure
Dry-Weakness, paralysis
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Thiamin B1 (sources)
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**PORK
-whole grains
-green leafy veggies
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Riboflavin B2 (function)
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-Transfer of energy to ATP
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Riboflavin B2 (sources)
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**MILK
-whole grains
-green leafy veggies
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Niacin (functions-2)
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-Transfer of energy to ATP
-Formation of fatty acids
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Niacin (deficiency)
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Pellagra
-dimensia
-dermatitus
-diarrhea
-death
Alcoholics & low protein intake
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Pantothenate-B vitamin (functions-2)
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-Aerobic energy metabolism
-Fatty acid synthesis
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Pantothenate-B vitamin (sources)
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-Pan (found everywhere)
-Whole grain, meat, milk
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Biotin-B vitamin (function)
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-Energy metabolism
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Biotin-B vitamin (dietary sources)
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-Meat
-Milk
-Egg yolks
-Nuts
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Chromium (functions-2)
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-Helps insulin function for increasing glucose uptake
-Needed for energy release from glucose
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Chromium (sources)
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-Whole grains
-Liver
-Seafood
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**Iodine (functions-2)
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-Part of thyroid hormone
-Energy metabolism regulation
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Iodine (deficiency)
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Goiter-hyper enlargement of thyroid gland
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Iodine (sources)
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-Iodized salt
-Seafood
-Baked goods
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Iodine (special notes)
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TOXIC in large quantities>goiter
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Hunger
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Physiological drive to eat
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Appetite
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Psychological drive to eat
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Satiety
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Hunger & appetite satisfied
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Intake>Expenditure
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Catabolic
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Body Fat Equivalence
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I lb. = 3,500 calories
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Components of Energy Expenditure (4)
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Metabolism: 60-70%
Physical Activity: 13-35%
Thermic Effect of Food: 5-10%
Heat Production
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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Resting energy expenditure as soon as you wake up
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Increase BMR (6)
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-Lean body mass
-Height up
-Fever
-Pregnancy
-Env. Temp up
-Thyroxin up
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Decrease BMR (5)
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-Increasing age
-Starvation
-Height down
-Env. temp down
-Thyroxin down
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Health Risks w/ Obesity (7)
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-Cardiovascular disease
-Hypertension
-Non-insulin dependent diabetes
-Cancer
-Osteoarthritus
-Increased risks during surgery
-Emotional disturbances
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Indirect diagnosis of Obesity (4)
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-Body weight
-BMI (weight/height*703)
-Body fat distribution-android=apple, gynecoid=pear
-Percent body fat
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Theories of Obesity (4)
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-Energy Imbalance (carbs/fat)
-Genetics
-Metabolism
-Environment
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Weight Loss program (long term)
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-Moderation
-Exercise
-Balance foods
-Breakfast
-Self Monitoring
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Weight Loss Program (poor)
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-Low energy diet
-Restrict carbs
-Formulas/special products
-No activity
-No maintence
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Weight Loss Medications (2)
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-Sibutramone (Meridia)-removed
-Orlistat (Xenical)
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Bariatric Surgery (Bypass) Pros (2)
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-Significant weight loss in short time
-Other health improvements
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Bariatric Surgery (Bypass) Cons (6)
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-Surgical risks
-Nutrient deficienies (B12)
-Cost
-Follow up surgery
-Stomach adapts back
-People eat more, less often
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Weight Cycling
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Yo-yo dieting (gain more weight than lost after diet)
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Successful Weight Loss (3)
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-Control calories
-Correct problem behavior
-Regular physical activity
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Cancer
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Cells multiply out of control and disrupt normal functioning
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NEoplasm
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NEw growth
Benign or malignant
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Tumor
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Rapid and/or uncontrolled increase in number of cells
*Mass of neoplasms
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Carcinogen
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Cancer causing substance
Ex. sunlight, x-rays, pesticides
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Cancer promoters (3)
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-Alcohol
-High estrogen
-Dietary fat
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Dietary cancer reducers (5)
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-High fiber
-Fruits & veggies
>>antioxidants
>>phytochemicals
-Low fat
-Moderate alcohol
-Calorie reduction
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Oxidation (2)
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-Change in structure of a molecule
-Caused by free radicals
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Antioxidants
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React with free radicals to make them less harmful
Ex. Vitamin A (carotenoids), C, E, Selenium, copper, zinc
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Vitamin C (functions-3)
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-Immune
-Protects lungs
-Increase iron absorption
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Vitamin C (deficiency)
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Scurvy-teeth and gum problems
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Vitamin C (sources)
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-Citrus
-Tomato
-Dark green veggies
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Vitamin E (function)
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Antioxidant for lipids in the body
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Vitamin E (deficiency)
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Anemia
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Vitamin E (sources)
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-Plant oils
-Whole grains
-Nuts & seeds
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Vitamin A & Beta Carotene (functions-3)
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-Vision
-Cell differentiation
-Bone health
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Vitamin A (sources-2)
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-Fortified milk
-Eggs
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Carotenoids (sources-3)
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-dark green veggies
-dark orange fruit
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Selenium (function)
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Cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme
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Selenium (source)
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-Whole grain
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Phytochemicals & Zoochemicals (functions-2)
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-Give color, flavor, odor, protection to plants
-Antioxidant properties
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Phytochemical & Zoochemical (sources-3)
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-Carotenoids
-Spices
-Tea
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Antioxidants protect against...(4)
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-Heart disease
-Age related disease
-Diabetes
-Cancer
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Bone & Skeleton (functions-5)
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**Storage of calcium and phosphate
-Support
-Protection
-movement
-Formation of blood cless
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Bone composition
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99% of all the calcium in the body
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Calcium (functions-5)
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-Bone structure
-Nerve transmission
-Muscle contraction
-Blood Clotting
-Vascular control
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Phosphorus (functions-2)
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-part of DNA & RNA
-component of bone
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Flouride (function)
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-Makes teeth resisitant to dnetal caries
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Flouride (sources)
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-Public drinking water
-toothpaste
-seafood
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Vitamin D (functions-3)
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-Bone metabolism
-Calcium absoption by intestine
-Calcium reabsorption by kidney
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Vitamin D (defiency)
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-Kids: Rickets
-Adults :Osteomalacia
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Vitamin C is Needed to make
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Collagen
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Osteoporosis
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Loss of bone mineral and protein (matrix)
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NTR 108: Exam I