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Hematopoietic System (2 parts)
Blood and Bone Marrow
Blood Cells (in Plasma)
Red Blood Cells Immune Cells (lymphocytes) Platelets
Plasma
Albumin Lipoproteins Hormones Nutrients Waste products
Bone Marrow
where blood cells originate
Function of Hematopoietic System
Carry waste Carry Nutrients
Nutrients Involved in Hematopoietic
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K
Iron: Definition/classification
trace mineral, cation (2 different charges)
Iron: Function
1) component of hemoglobin (in RBC) 2) component of myoglobin (in muscle) 3) cofactor for energy metabolism
Iron: Deficiency signs/symptoms
low iron stores low cognitive function low energy level pica (eating non food items)
Anemia
(classic iron deficiency) small red blood cells fatigue low work capacity poor immune function
assessment of iron status
2 ways - 1) measure stores liver and marrow biopsy 2) blood cell measurements hematocrit and hemoglobin
Iron: Groups at Risk
-People in developing countries -menstruating women (30% iron deficient, 8% anemic) -growing individuals (pregnant women, infants) -athletes -people with excessive blood loss -vegetarians with poor diets
Iron: Dietary sources
1) heme iron - good iron comes from meat, fish, poultry - bad source - milk 2) nonheme iron - Fair source - tofu, whole grains, dried fruits - poor source - iron cookware, enriched flour
Factors that increase Iron Absorption
heme iron is better Meat Factor Protein Vitamin C (changes charge of Iron, makes it more water soluble) stomach acid sugars and other chelators (makes iron more soluble)
Factors that decrease iron absorption
lack of physiological need excess dietary calcium, zinc, and phosphate dietary fiber antacids intestinal damage Tannins (black tea, red wine, herbal teas)
Iron Toxicity
- too much iron will cause oxidative damage Acute Toxicity - large dose at one time - causes intestinal damage, liver failure, shock - can be chronic too - mainly in males -causes liver damage - associated with cardiovascular disease, cancer, hemochromatosis
Zinc: Definition/classification
trace mineral, found naturally in food
Zinc: function/metabolism
Cofactor in immune system, energy system, and a component of antioxidant enzyme
Zinc: Deficiency Symptoms/signs
- loss of taste - failure to grow - impaired vision - impaired immune function
Groups at Risk for Zinc Deficiency
- people taking an excess of - iron, copper, dietary fiber - poor -elderly -pregnant women -children
Dietary Sources for Zinc
found in foods high in protein
Special Notes for Zinc
excess Zinc will decrease copper absorption
Copper Definition/Classification
- trace mineral - cation - 2 charge states
Copper Function/metabolism
iron metabolism energy metabolism antioxidant enzyme
Copper Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
Anemia (microcytic, like iron deficiency)
Groups at Risk for Copper deficiency
if you have too much zinc
Dietary sources for Copper
- Beans - seeds - nuts - organ meat - water (if from copper pipes)
Special notes for Copper
excess copper decreases zinc absorption
Folate: definition/classification
- water soluble vitamin (B-Vitamin)
Functions for Folate
- coenzyme for - amino acid metabolism - DNA synthesis (cell replication) (important to know)
Deficiency signs/symptoms for Folate
- Depression - Low DNA synthesis - lower immune function - macrocytic anemia (very large RBCs) - neural tube defects (classic Folate deficiency)
Groups at Risk for Folate Deficiency
smokers alcoholics people who use oral contraceptives pregnant women some chemotherapy some antibiotics
Dietary sources for Folate
good source - leafy green vegetables - fruit - beans - breakfast cereals - liver poor source - meat - milk and milk products
Special Notes on Folate
- very important in preventing neural tube defects in fetus - easily destroyed by heat and air
Vitamin B12: definition/classification
- water soluble vitamin - largest vitamin
Vitamin B12 Functions
- Folate metabolism - amino acid metabolism - energy metabolism - hormone production
Vitamin B12: Deficiency signs/symptoms
macrocytic anemia - same as folate, different than iron - fatigue - staggering (neural problem, irreversible)
Vitamin B12 Groups at risk
- people with stomach dysfunction - pernacious anemia (classic deficiency) lack of an absorption factor - elderly, lack of stomach acid - vegans - people with ileum problems (Crohn's disease)
Vitamin B12: Dietary Sources
1) Primary Sources - microbial bacteria/algae - soil contamination - fermented foods - nutritional yeast 2) Secondary Sources - meat - eggs - milk
Vitamin B12: special notes
1) Absorption - active in ileum - requires many factors - small amount of passive absorption in large intestine
Vitamin B12: special notes
2) Deficiency - may take 20 years without any intake to develop - develops in 3 to 7 years without intrinsic factor - dietary folate can hide symptoms until damage is irreversible
Vitamin K: definitiona/classification
fat soluble vitamin (some forms are water soluble)
Vitamin K: functions
- formation of blood clotting factors - formation of bone matrix proteins
Vitamin K: deficiency signs/symptoms
- blood does not clot - bones don't mineralize
Vitamin K: groups at risk
- people with fat malabsorption - infants usually given injection at birth - people taking large amounts of antibiotics
Vitamin K: Dietary sources
- bacterial synthesis in large intestine - liver - green vegetables - milk
Vitamin K: special notes
- warfarin, a rat poison, blocks vitamin k action - warfarin (also known as Coumadin) is used after strokes and heart attacks
Water
Common sense, most essential thing to have major component of living things involved in transport of both waste and nutrients acid base balance
Total Body Water
- extracellular fluid - 40% of total body water , outside of cells - intracellular fluid - inside cells
Electrolytes (think of gatorade)
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-)
Sodium: definitons/classifications (Na+)
-major cation - single positive charge -very water soluble
Sodium: Functions
-primary extracellular ion - regulator of fluid volume - muscle and nerve contractions - transports nutrients
Sodium: deficiency signs/symptoms
- muscle cramps - apathy - loss of appetite
Sodium: Groups at risk
-loss occurs from sweating and vomiting -people on low sodium diet - excessive vomiting (bulimia) - excess sweating
Sodium: Dietary sources
-processed foods (75% US intake) - table salt - soft water - soy sauce and MSG
Potassium: definitions/classification (K+)
major cation single charge very water soluble
Potassium: functions
primary intracellular ion fluid and electrolyte balance muscle and nerve function
Potassium: deficiency signs/symptoms
muscle weakness cardiac arrhythmius
Potassium: groups at risk
loss occurs from large intestine and kidney (diarrhea and urine) uncontrolled diabetics dehydration diarrhea drugs
Potassium: dietary sources
fresh foods, bananas milk whole foods
Potassium: notes
toxic in high levels don't eat too many bananas
Chloride ion (Cl-)
major extracellular anion follows sodium and potassium moves easily across membranes lost in sweat and vomit component of stomach acid
Osmosis
-passing of solutions across semi-permeable membrane -attempt to equal concentration on both side of membrane
Renal Regulation of body fluids
kidney is major organ responsible for retention and excretion of body fluids urine
Insensible losses
respiration perspiration
Fluid requirements
apprx 1 ml water/kcal expended expended or 30 ml/kg body weight adult (2 L per 2000 kcal/day)
recommended urine volume
1-2 liters per day
Water balance
intake = output
intake per day
1L fluid 1L food 0.2L metabolism
output per day
0.5L through perspiration 0.5L breath respiration 0.2L feces 1.0L Urine
Dehydration Effects
thirst fatigue and reduced cardiovascular efficiency reduce mental function inability to regulate body temperature circulatory collapse and death
Dehydration contributing factors
physical activity (sweat loss) diet - high protein - high sodium intake - caffeine and alcohol
Dehydration Symptoms
headache lack of concentration lethargy dark urine
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
higher the blood pressure, the greater the chance of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease
hypertension risk factors
obesity cardiovascular disease age heredity race
recommendations to lower blood pressure
eat better exercise use common sense don't be lazy
DASH
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension basically, eat better
Why is nutrition important before and during pregnancy?
to make the baby healthier
What is the best predictor of a successful birth?
Maternal weight gain
Maternal weight gain
weight gain should be between 25-35 pounds
low weight gain during pregnancy (less than 15 pounds)
general problems with birth include - increased risk of birth asphyxia - infections - illness - an infant with difficulty regulating blood glucose and blood calcium
low weight gain can also lead to premature babies
lung and liver immaturity
High weight gain during pregnancy
associated with high birth weights (greater than 9 pounds) complications during delivery increased maternal blood pressure
Factors that affect pregnancy outcome
maternal weight gain, dieting, nutritional status, closely spaced pregnancies, drug use
What is one of the most important nutrients involved in pregnancy?
folate - an absence of folate can cause neural tube defects

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