NTR 108: Exam 3
85 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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Hematopoietic System (2 parts)
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Blood and Bone Marrow
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Blood Cells (in Plasma)
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Red Blood Cells
Immune Cells (lymphocytes)
Platelets
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Plasma
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Albumin
Lipoproteins
Hormones
Nutrients
Waste products
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Bone Marrow
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where blood cells originate
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Function of Hematopoietic System
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Carry waste
Carry Nutrients
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Nutrients Involved in Hematopoietic
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Iron, Zinc, Copper, Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K
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Iron: Definition/classification
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trace mineral, cation (2 different charges)
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Iron: Function
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1) component of hemoglobin (in RBC)
2) component of myoglobin (in muscle)
3) cofactor for energy metabolism
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Iron: Deficiency signs/symptoms
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low iron stores
low cognitive function
low energy level
pica (eating non food items)
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Anemia
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(classic iron deficiency)
small red blood cells
fatigue
low work capacity
poor immune function
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assessment of iron status
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2 ways - 1) measure stores
liver and marrow biopsy
2) blood cell measurements
hematocrit and hemoglobin
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Iron: Groups at Risk
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-People in developing countries
-menstruating women (30% iron deficient, 8% anemic)
-growing individuals (pregnant women, infants)
-athletes
-people with excessive blood loss
-vegetarians with poor diets
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Iron: Dietary sources
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1) heme iron
- good iron comes from meat, fish, poultry
- bad source - milk
2) nonheme iron
- Fair source - tofu, whole grains, dried fruits
- poor source - iron cookware, enriched flour
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Factors that increase Iron Absorption
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heme iron is better
Meat Factor Protein
Vitamin C (changes charge of Iron, makes it more water soluble)
stomach acid
sugars and other chelators (makes iron more soluble)
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Factors that decrease iron absorption
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lack of physiological need
excess dietary calcium, zinc, and phosphate
dietary fiber
antacids
intestinal damage
Tannins (black tea, red wine, herbal teas)
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Iron Toxicity
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- too much iron will cause oxidative damage
Acute Toxicity - large dose at one time
- causes intestinal damage, liver failure, shock
- can be chronic too
- mainly in males
-causes liver damage
- associated with cardiovascular disease, cancer, hemochromatosis
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Zinc: Definition/classification
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trace mineral, found naturally in food
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Zinc: function/metabolism
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Cofactor in immune system, energy system, and a component of antioxidant enzyme
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Zinc: Deficiency Symptoms/signs
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- loss of taste
- failure to grow
- impaired vision
- impaired immune function
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Groups at Risk for Zinc Deficiency
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- people taking an excess of
- iron, copper, dietary fiber
- poor
-elderly
-pregnant women
-children
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Dietary Sources for Zinc
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found in foods high in protein
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Special Notes for Zinc
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excess Zinc will decrease copper absorption
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Copper Definition/Classification
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- trace mineral
- cation - 2 charge states
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Copper Function/metabolism
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iron metabolism
energy metabolism
antioxidant enzyme
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Copper Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
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Anemia (microcytic, like iron deficiency)
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Groups at Risk for Copper deficiency
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if you have too much zinc
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Dietary sources for Copper
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- Beans
- seeds
- nuts
- organ meat
- water (if from copper pipes)
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Special notes for Copper
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excess copper decreases zinc absorption
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Folate: definition/classification
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- water soluble vitamin (B-Vitamin)
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Functions for Folate
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- coenzyme for
- amino acid metabolism
- DNA synthesis (cell replication) (important to know)
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Deficiency signs/symptoms for Folate
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- Depression
- Low DNA synthesis
- lower immune function
- macrocytic anemia (very large RBCs)
- neural tube defects (classic Folate deficiency)
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Groups at Risk for Folate Deficiency
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smokers
alcoholics
people who use oral contraceptives
pregnant women
some chemotherapy
some antibiotics
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Dietary sources for Folate
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good source
- leafy green vegetables
- fruit
- beans
- breakfast cereals
- liver
poor source
- meat
- milk and milk products
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Special Notes on Folate
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- very important in preventing neural tube defects in fetus
- easily destroyed by heat and air
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Vitamin B12: definition/classification
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- water soluble vitamin
- largest vitamin
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Vitamin B12 Functions
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- Folate metabolism
- amino acid metabolism
- energy metabolism
- hormone production
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Vitamin B12: Deficiency signs/symptoms
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macrocytic anemia - same as folate, different than iron
- fatigue
- staggering (neural problem, irreversible)
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Vitamin B12 Groups at risk
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- people with stomach dysfunction
- pernacious anemia (classic deficiency) lack of an absorption factor
- elderly, lack of stomach acid
- vegans
- people with ileum problems (Crohn's disease)
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Vitamin B12: Dietary Sources
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1) Primary Sources - microbial bacteria/algae
- soil contamination
- fermented foods
- nutritional yeast
2) Secondary Sources
- meat
- eggs
- milk
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Vitamin B12: special notes
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1) Absorption
- active in ileum
- requires many factors
- small amount of passive absorption in large intestine
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Vitamin B12: special notes
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2) Deficiency
- may take 20 years without any intake to develop
- develops in 3 to 7 years without intrinsic factor
- dietary folate can hide symptoms until damage is irreversible
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Vitamin K: definitiona/classification
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fat soluble vitamin (some forms are water soluble)
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Vitamin K: functions
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- formation of blood clotting factors
- formation of bone matrix proteins
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Vitamin K: deficiency signs/symptoms
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- blood does not clot
- bones don't mineralize
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Vitamin K: groups at risk
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- people with fat malabsorption
- infants usually given injection at birth
- people taking large amounts of antibiotics
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Vitamin K: Dietary sources
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- bacterial synthesis in large intestine
- liver
- green vegetables
- milk
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Vitamin K: special notes
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- warfarin, a rat poison, blocks vitamin k action
- warfarin (also known as Coumadin) is used after strokes and heart attacks
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Water
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Common sense, most essential thing to have
major component of living things
involved in transport of both waste and nutrients
acid base balance
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Total Body Water
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- extracellular fluid - 40% of total body water , outside of cells
- intracellular fluid - inside cells
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Electrolytes (think of gatorade)
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Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-)
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Sodium: definitons/classifications (Na+)
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-major cation
- single positive charge
-very water soluble
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Sodium: Functions
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-primary extracellular ion
- regulator of fluid volume
- muscle and nerve contractions
- transports nutrients
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Sodium: deficiency signs/symptoms
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- muscle cramps
- apathy
- loss of appetite
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Sodium: Groups at risk
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-loss occurs from sweating and vomiting
-people on low sodium diet
- excessive vomiting (bulimia)
- excess sweating
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Sodium: Dietary sources
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-processed foods (75% US intake)
- table salt
- soft water
- soy sauce and MSG
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Potassium: definitions/classification (K+)
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major cation
single charge
very water soluble
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Potassium: functions
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primary intracellular ion
fluid and electrolyte balance
muscle and nerve function
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Potassium: deficiency signs/symptoms
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muscle weakness
cardiac arrhythmius
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Potassium: groups at risk
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loss occurs from large intestine and kidney (diarrhea and urine)
uncontrolled diabetics
dehydration
diarrhea
drugs
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Potassium: dietary sources
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fresh foods, bananas
milk
whole foods
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Potassium: notes
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toxic in high levels
don't eat too many bananas
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Chloride ion (Cl-)
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major extracellular anion
follows sodium and potassium
moves easily across membranes
lost in sweat and vomit
component of stomach acid
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Osmosis
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-passing of solutions across semi-permeable membrane
-attempt to equal concentration on both side of membrane
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Renal Regulation of body fluids
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kidney is major organ responsible for retention and excretion of body fluids
urine
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Insensible losses
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respiration
perspiration
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Fluid requirements
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apprx 1 ml water/kcal expended expended or 30 ml/kg body weight adult (2 L per 2000 kcal/day)
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recommended urine volume
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1-2 liters per day
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Water balance
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intake = output
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intake per day
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1L fluid
1L food
0.2L metabolism
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output per day
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0.5L through perspiration
0.5L breath respiration
0.2L feces
1.0L Urine
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Dehydration Effects
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thirst
fatigue and reduced cardiovascular efficiency
reduce mental function
inability to regulate body temperature
circulatory collapse and death
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Dehydration contributing factors
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physical activity (sweat loss)
diet
- high protein
- high sodium intake
- caffeine and alcohol
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Dehydration Symptoms
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headache
lack of concentration
lethargy
dark urine
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Hypertension (high blood pressure)
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higher the blood pressure, the greater the chance of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease
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hypertension risk factors
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obesity
cardiovascular disease
age
heredity
race
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recommendations to lower blood pressure
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eat better
exercise
use common sense
don't be lazy
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DASH
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Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
basically, eat better
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Why is nutrition important before and during pregnancy?
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to make the baby healthier
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What is the best predictor of a successful birth?
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Maternal weight gain
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Maternal weight gain
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weight gain should be between 25-35 pounds
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low weight gain during pregnancy (less than 15 pounds)
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general problems with birth include
- increased risk of birth asphyxia
- infections
- illness
- an infant with difficulty regulating blood glucose and blood calcium
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low weight gain can also lead to premature babies
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lung and liver immaturity
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High weight gain during pregnancy
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associated with high birth weights (greater than 9 pounds)
complications during delivery
increased maternal blood pressure
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Factors that affect pregnancy outcome
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maternal weight gain, dieting, nutritional status, closely spaced pregnancies, drug use
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What is one of the most important nutrients involved in pregnancy?
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folate - an absence of folate can cause neural tube defects
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