ECOL 1000: Test 1
96 Cards in this Set
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science
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Knowledge is power
we live in a cannected world
this lowers uncertainty
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98% to 35%
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What happend to the malnourished kids after they applied the four meal day with toppings
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scientia
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what means "which means to know" in latin
method of obtaining information
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Hypothesis
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What comes after an observation
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Measurement
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What comes after a hypothesis
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Experimentation
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What comes after a Measurement
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Substantiated Hypothesis
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Can discover the truth around the hypothesis
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Fact
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a statement that people collectively agree on
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Hypothesis
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a statement that people do not want to believe
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Theory
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explanation of variuos facts observations and hypotheses
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Paradigms
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Philosophical and theoretical ways of putting together frameworks of theories , laws and generalizations
A basic model of reality
govern the way scientist thinks, forms hypotheses and experiments
Rarely questioned once accepted
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Paradigm Shift
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if a paradigm is repeatedly proven wrong by experimentation, Scientists will rethink their most cherished beliefs and discard it
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science
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measurement and the collection of data is and should be objective
based on facts rather than feelings or opinions and not influenced by feelings
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Theory
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a well substantiated well supported and well documented explanation for observations
the ultimate goal in science and it is as close as it can be to proven
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Law
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a set of guidelines to describe a theory
a term which does not have a universally accepted definition, but one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.
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Applied Science
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interest in knowledge for knowledge's sake rather than for practical reasons
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Basic Science
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interest in practical application of science and how it applies to everyday life
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Environmental Science
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Area of study that includes both applied science and basic science to human impacts on the planet
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Thermodynamics
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control all of biology ecology and environmental science. Life is here because of these laws. In any ordinary chemical or physical change energy is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another
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Energy
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the ability or capacity to do work or produce change. It is what all living things use to move matter, to change it from one form to another
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Matter
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anything that has mass and occupies space. It is what all things are made out of
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First Law of Energy
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Equivalent exchange- you cant get something from nothing
Energy is neither created or destroyed
Involves Net Energy
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Second Law of Energy
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The energy you put in might not be the same that you get out
Exceptions to Randomness: Humans and Ice
any system and its surroundings as a whole that tend towards increasing randomness or disorder
Entropy
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Entropy
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A measure of disorder of randomness
A random system has high entropy and an orderly system has low entropy
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Ecology
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Study of the types of plants and animals that inhabit the environment
study of the structure and function of nature
study of the relationships among living organisms and the totality of physical and biological factors making up their environment
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Eco-Space
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Atmosphere- Gaseous particles
Hydrosphere- Liquid water, frozen, vapor
lithosphere- soil rock Core of the earth
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Troposphere
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the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 80% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapour and aerosols.
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Ecosphere
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Only about as thin as an apple's skin and everything within that skin is interconnected
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Lake Mead in Los Angeles
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this provides water for the residents at the cost of the natural ecosystem
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Thailand Lake Affected by agile
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This would be clear if it were not for human interference
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Population
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Group of individual organisms that share the same space, interbreeds, and inhabits an area at specific points in time
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Community
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All plants and animals interacting and living at the same time. Each organism has a habitat where it lives
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ecological Niche
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role that an organism plays in environment or everything an organism does that affects its enviroment
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Fundamental Niche
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Where an organism could live
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Realized Niche
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Where an organism actually live
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Niche
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Where an organisms lives in its respective environment determined by biotic and abiotic factors
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Biotic
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Competition with members of the same species or with species of other areas within their niche
all living things
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Abiotic
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are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment, which affect ecosystems.
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Predation
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who eats the species and where the predators are
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parasites
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a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.
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Interspecies Competition
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Two or more species compete for the same resources
when one becomes dominant the other slowly lags behind
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Exploitation
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One species consumes resources faster than another
type of competition
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Interference
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One species fights another for the resource
type of competition
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Co-evolution
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When organisms evolve and co-exist together, often benefiting the other
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Mutualism
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When both organisms benefit from co-evolution
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Commensalism
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When one species benefits and the other does not
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echo sonograms
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measures the amount of oxygen in water
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decomposers
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organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so carry out the natural process of decomposition.
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Primary Producers
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1st trophic level
get food from the sun
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Primary Consumers
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2nd Trophic Level
an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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Secondary Consumer
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3rd Trophic Level
Eat the primary consumers for food
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Tertiary Consumers
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4th Trophic level
Top dogs
Eventually die and are broken down by the decomposers
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Biomass Energy
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Food that can be consumed by a higher trophic level
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Trophic Level Efficiency
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The amount of energy that is transferred to the next trophic level
Usually only about 10%
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10%
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all trophic levels obtain how many more kilocalories than their lower trophic level
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First Law of Ecology
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says that everything is related to everything else, everything is connected
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Ecosphere
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Interconnectedness provides everything to maintain life examples of this are when plants keep animals alive and purify the air, soil keeps plants and animals alive and purifies the water
Disrupting this could lead to many negative affects
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no diversity
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how are bark beetles able to hone in on destroying many pine tree forest that were manmade
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Primary Succession
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succesion where all resources are removed
This process can take thousands of years
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secondary succession
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Follows primary succession and is much faster
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Cyclic Succession
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a pattern of vegetation change in which in a small number of species tend to replace each other over time in the absence of large-scale disturbance.
this may lead to natural disasters because of the build up (Forest fires)
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Clumped Dispersion
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usually when you find one species you can find others of that same species in the same area
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Uniform Dispersion
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When species are equally dispersed
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Random dispersion
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When species are dispersed randomly
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Population Oscillation
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Population is rarely stable and one population often influences another
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Out Breaks
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More resources and increased population growth
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Extinction
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Loss of species
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Mark Recapture Method
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capture a number of species and release them back into the environment and later recapture them to see how many are still in the environment and to make sure they are not in danger of extinction
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ecosystems services
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The services provided by the environment that benefit the ecosystem and the organisms that inhabit it
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Ecological footprint
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the amount of land needed to provide resources and the environmental impacts associated with it
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Natural Capital
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range of natural resources provided by ecosystems. This includes plants energy food and water
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Bio-Mimicry
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The imitation of nature
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By-Catch
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Non-target species that gets captured and discarded, often times after the species has died
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Externalities
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environmental damages associated with human action. The negative effects caused by negative environmental impacts
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Sustainable development
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Meeting the present needs of development without preventing future generations from their needs
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Commoness scale (This is Wrong)
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if the species is around alot its less likely to go extinct
if its a rare species then its more likely to go extinct
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the more diversity one sees
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The closer one gets to the equator
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78%
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how much of the forest is protected in georgia
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99%
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What is the percent of the amount of species that have gone extinct on this earth do to natural selection
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Evolutionary Fitness
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Relates to how many offspring you create for the next generation
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Alien species
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a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental.
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habitat loss or destruction
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what is the primary cause of extinction
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45 years
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how long does it take a forest to recover after it has been stressed
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5 years
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how many years does it take for marine life to thrive after marine pollution
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Birds
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what animal is at the highest risk of going extinct
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USA and Indonesia
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which countries have the high extinction rate
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25%
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what is the percent of all drugs that come from the forest in pharmacies today
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30 species
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How many species does it take to provide for 90% of our food
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Modern Crops
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Fast growth
short stalks
large number of kernels per ear/stalk
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wild plants
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disease resistant
drought resistant
Pest resistent
No use of harmful toxins
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Lower chance of being allergic
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children exposed to microbes when they are young have a lower chance of what when they becomes adults
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Wealth of a nation
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Financially sound
Culturally true
Biological- this is most important out of the three
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15,000,000 years
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how long would it take to replace a species
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Environmental Damages
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costs of war include
Financial instability
Human loss
Political revolts and __________________
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10%
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what is the percentage of global carbon emissions that come from war
also 1 trillion dollars spent only 6% gets used
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The Persian gulf War
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Changed CO2 emissions by more than 6%
Higher temperatures during this war
chemistry of the environment was changed
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ECOL 1000: Test 2