BIOL 1103: Final Exam
181 Cards in this Set
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What is the starting state for a scientific Theory?
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Observation
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Which is a theory?
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All life is made of cells, all things come from other living things, the universe is 13.7 billion years old
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Best Describe the nature of a scientific hypothesis
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a tentative explanation that can be tested usually through experimentation
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What are the hierarchies of structural levels starting with atoms and ending with biosphere?
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atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, oran, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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What is true of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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DNA is present
DNA present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells contain a membrane bound nucleus
prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound nucleus
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What are the macromolecules?
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Protein, Starch, Lipid, DNA
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Who believed in the theory of abiogenesis and conducted experiments aimed at disproving spontaneous generation?
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Redi and Pasteir
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What is not true about all living things?
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all living things are composed of more than one cell
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the mass number of an element can easily be approximated by adding together the number of
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protons and neutrons
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Carbon has an atomic number of 6. therefore it must have
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6 protons and 6 electrons
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What are the max number of covalent bonds an element with atomic number 16 can make
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2
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Which is true:
A) C14 decays into nitrogen
B) half life of C14 is 5730 years
C) the iceman is between 30 and 50 million years old
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A and B
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when you put sugar into coffee or tea, the sugar is the ____ and the coffee is the ____
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solute, solvent
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Which bonds must be broken for water to vaporize?
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hydrogen bonds
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what happens when an acid mixes in water?
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the number of hydrogen ions increase
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What is the resulting pH of half HCl and half NaOH?
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7
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what describes carbon atoms present in all organic molecules?
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processed into sugars through photosynthesis, incorporated into organic molecules by plants, ultimately derived from carbon dioxide
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which of the following are isomers:
a) fructose
b) glucose
c) sucrose
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A and B
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dry cereal has 90 calories. it has the energy to raise the temperature of on kG of water how many degrees?
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.9 degrees C
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How many calories are in one pound of human fat?
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3500
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Carbon is able to serve as life's central element because:
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has four outer shell electrons thus can form stable bonds with many other elements
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What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
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dehydration synthesis reactions
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how is lactose classified?
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disaccharide
glucose+ galactose
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which contains more trans fat: butter or oleomargarine?
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oleomargarine
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What is a triglyceride?
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a lipid molecule made with three fatty acids and a glycerol
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What is true regarding unsaturated fats:
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usually liquid at room temperature
contains at least one double bond
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Why is fish good for you?
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omega 3 fatty acids
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which of the following types of food are the least healthy?
a) monounsaturated
b) polyunsaturated
c)trans fats
d) saturated fat
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C
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which of the following statements is true:
a) some steroids exist naturally in humans
b) steroids are insoluble in water
c) estrogen is an anabolic steroid
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A and B
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What is the structure of a steroid molecule?
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4 carbon rings
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the helix is a common polypeptide form formed at which level of protein structure?
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tertiary
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every protein has a unique shape and function because:
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each protein as a unique sequence of amino acids
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the difference between one amino acid an other is
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the type of R group each contains
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all of the following are functions of the proteins except:
hormone activity
transport molecules
enzyme activity
storing genetic information
number of amino and carboxyl groups it contains
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storing genetic information
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who was the first person to refer to something as a cell
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Robert Hooke
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Rank things from smallest to largest?
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protein, virus, bacterium, animal cell, frog egg
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large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
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proteins
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which contains its own DNA?
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mitochondria
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what is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not
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Proteins destined to be secreted by the cell are produced
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on the rough ER
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a cell has mitchondria, a nucleus and a call wall made of cellulose, what type of cell is it?
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plant cell
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The cells of the pancreas produce large amounts of protein, what can you expect to find a lot of there?
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rough ER (ribosomes)
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A secretory protein that exists from the ER within a vescicle will head directly to the?
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golgi complex
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the primary component of the plasma membrane is
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phospholipid
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What is the order of protein syntheusis
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DNA, RNA, RNA makes protein
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what is evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from prokaryotic ancestors
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circular DNA like bacteria, ribosomes like prokaryotes, sequencing of mitochondrial DNA shows a common ancestor
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what is correct about diffusion?
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it is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
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when a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?
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the plant will become turgid
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what are the major structural components of the cell membrane
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protein and phospholipids
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the fatty-acid hydrocarbon tails of a phospholipid are...
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hydrophobic (non-polar)
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Which membrane activities require energy from ATP?
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active transport of glucose molecules into a cell
(not diffusion)
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The second law of thermodynamics states that
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in energy- yielding reactions, matter goes from more ordered to less ordered (less to more entropy)
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what is the term that describes the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones?
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catabolism
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Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in...
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entropy
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Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
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It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
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Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
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activation energy
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the active site of an enzyme is the region that
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is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
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what is true of enzymes?
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increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers
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what is characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
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products have less energy than reactants
(products are lower than reactants on graph)
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The active site of enzyme A is occupied by a molecule other than its substrate. what is taking place in connection with enzyme A?
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competitive inhibition
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How many calories are in a mole of glucose?
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686
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Each molecule of ATP stores a good deal of energy because
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its third phosphate group exists in a high energetic state
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the molecule that is reduces in a oxidation-reduction reaction
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gains electrons and gains energy
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What are three main products of glycolysis
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ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid
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What is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?
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carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
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What is an inermediary metabolite that enters the citric cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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acteyl CoA
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The molecules that come out of the Krebs Cycle are
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CO2
NADH
ATP
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In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP=Pi to ATP
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energy is released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
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What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
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join with electrons and protons in the mitochondrial matrix to form water and
serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
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You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of fat on a diet, where did the fat go?
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it was released as CO2
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energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into what location?
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mitochondrial inter membrane space
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In order for a triglyceride to go through the Kreb's cylce, it must first be broken down into:
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fatty acids and glycerol
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CO2 is realeased into the atmosphere by which process during the carbon cycle?
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cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation
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What is the final number of ATP molecules that can be produces per glucose molecule by cellular respiration?
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36
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What organelles fdo all eukaryotic cells have?
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mitchondria
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Which color has the shortest and most energetic wavelength?
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blue
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A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment, the leaves of the plan appear reddish yellow. the wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment are
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blue and violet
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what are the products of light reactions that are subsequently used in the calvin cycle?
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ATP and NADPH
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The essential product of the Calvin cycle is
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the sugar G3P
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Where do light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
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pigments in the thylakoid membrane
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What does the action spectrum of a graph indicate?
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the oxygen given off during photosynthesis
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During photosynthesis, energy is released and used to create ATP when...
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protons diffuse through ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
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Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
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stroma
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Generation of proton gradients that are used to power ATP synthase occurs during
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respiration and photosynthesis
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The calvin cycle requires all of the following except:
RuBP
O2
NAHPH
ATP
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O2
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If the thylakoid is damaged so that it is no longer separated from the stroma, the damage will most affect which process?
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the synthesis of ATP
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Photorespiration is when
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the enzyme rubsico binds O2 rather than CO2 during the calvin cycle
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What advantage is it for plants to use C4 and CAM photosynthesis?
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they can conserve water and reduce photorespiration under hot, dry climates
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True or false:
Alfred Wallace produced a paper (sent to Darwin) that gave evidence that natural selection is a mechanism of evolution
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TRUE
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True or False:
Captain Fitzroy was Darwin's mentor at Cambridge
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false; he was the captain of the Beagle
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True or False:
Darwin us buried in Westminster Abbey
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TRUE
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Darwin's voyage on the Beagle took approximately five years
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TRUE
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what is included as evidence for the modern theory of evolution:
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1. homologous structures found in different organisms
2. vestigial structures in many organisms
3. radiometric dating
4. fossil record
NOT genetic drift in small populations
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What is a scientific theory?
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a principle supported by many lines of evidence
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which of the following are true?
a) all organisms, including humans, are descended from a common ancestor
b) humans occupy a very small branch on the enormous tree of life
c) the overall goal of evolution was to eventually produce homo sapiens
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A and B
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What idea did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck come up with?
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organisms changed form over generations through the inheritance of acquired characteristics
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According to evolutionary theory, the more closely related two organisms are the
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more recently they shared a common ancestor
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The major weakness of Darwin's theory of natural selection during his lifetime was
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the lack of a mechanism to explain the source of variation in offspring
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Pharyngeal gill slits are in the embryos of chicken, fish and humans. why?
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the organisms shared a common ancestor whose embryos had pharyngeal slits
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What did Darwin learn from the teachings of Thomas Malthus?
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populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
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Homologous structure....
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have the same underlying structure due to inheritance from a common ancestor
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If the half life is 10,000 years and you find that a volcanic rock as 50% of its original isotope decayed... how old is the rock?
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10,000 years
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How old is the earth and when did life begin?
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4.5 billion years and 3.6 billion years
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Modern whales have a hip bone. what is it?
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a vestigial structure
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what are "favorable variations"?
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differences between members of the same species that allow them to reproduce at a higher rate than others of the same species
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what is true about evolution?
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evolution relies on mutation and meiotic crossing over and evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population
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how can you determine how closely two organisms are related in the fossil record?
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the fewer the number of differences
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what piece of evidence most strongly suggests the common origin of all life on earth?
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all organisms are essentially made of the same genetic code
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what is true of lactase persistence?
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98% prevalence in some parts of Northern Europe and it is due to an accidental mutation in DNA
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if two modern organisms are closely related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that
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they share a common ancestor relatively recently
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According to the video, what kind of life occurred in the first 50 minutes of the earth
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microbial
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what organism gave rise to whales?
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wolf-like mammal
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what is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
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microevolution describes changes within a population over a short period of time and macroevolution describes larger changes such as the formation of new species over longer periods of time
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Amish Lethal Microcephaly is...
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a homozygous recessive condition and is the result of interbreeding`
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What concept would have been most foreign to Darwin?
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the change in allele frequency in gene pools
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Which is the smallest unit that natural selection can change?
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a population's allele frequency
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gene flow is a concept best used to describe the exchange between:
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populations
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if within a population, 1) mutations occur 2) gene flow occurs 3) mating is non random and 4) each individual has an equal chance of reproducing, what will likely happen?
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a change in allele frequency will occur?
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What is genetic drift?
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random chance of genes changing, greatest in small populations
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what is the founder effect?
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inital gene pool is established by the original population migrating to a new area... potentiates genetic drift
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what is ultimately responsible for introducing new genes into a population?
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mutation
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what is the type of selection in which characteristics are moved towards one of its extremes
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directions
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disruptive selection operates whenever
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the extremes are more fit than the average
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the biological species concept is based on:
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reproductive isolation
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a population of salamanders split into two populations due to a valley. what kind of speciation is this?
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allopatric speciation
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two species of pine trees release their pollen at different times, this is
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temporal isolation
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if a species splits forming two new species, is interbreeding likely to occur if the species were reunited?
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no
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What isolating mechanism is present in the mating rituals of the blue footed boobie?
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behavioral isolation
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what is classical taxonomy?
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descriptive taxonomy, classify organisms based on physical similarites
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when a species invades a new habitat and evolves rapidly into several new species, what has occured?
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adaptive radiation
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insect wings, bat wings, and the tissue in the limbs of flying squirrels are
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analogous
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Derived character
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Trait that differs in structure or function from that found in the ancestral line for a group of species used in constructing cladograms
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which species of homin most recently became extinct?
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homo neandertalensis
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what is the most central trait of a hominin
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bipedalism
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which homin may be a direct ancestor of our genus but had long arms, short legs and grasping feet?
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australopithecus afarensis
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how was homo erectus able to move out of africa and into Europe and Asia?
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increasing bipedalism
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True or false: human chromosome #2 is the result of the fusion of two ancestral chimp chromosomes
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TRUE
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true or false: "Lucy" has the same genetic sequence as humans
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FALSE
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what is the definition of mitosis?
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the separation of a somatic cell's duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis
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what does the ordering of DNA bases in a gene determine?
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the primary structure of proteins
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if a cell is not dividing, and has not yet replicated its DNA, it is in what stage
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G1
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what is the relationship between DNA and chromatin
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chromatin is the combinatin of DNA packages aroud histone proteins
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a somatic cell from a human female has
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22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes
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if a cell contains 20 chromsomes, how many chromatids will be present during prophase
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40
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what is binary fission?
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it is the cell division process of prokaryotic cells
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the cell cycle is linked to cancer because cancer entails
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unrestrained cell division
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a human female gamete contains
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22 autosomes and one X chromosome
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How does gleevec block cancer in chronic myeloid leukemia?
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gleevic binds a site on a mutant signaling protein and prevents ATP from binding to the site
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crossing over and recombination occurs in which stage of meiosis?
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prophase 1
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What occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis?
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sister chromatids are separated
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if a diploid cell as 12 chromosome pairs, how many different combinations of chromosomes are possible in gametes after meiosis?
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2^12
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mendel postulated that individuals have genetic elements that exist in pairs of elements to be?
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genes on homologous chromosomes
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what are the phenotypic ratios in a monohybrid cross?
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3:01
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Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, if a child has CF but neither of the parents do...
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the parents are heterozygous
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What does Mendel's law of independent assortment mean?
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in gamete formation, pairs of homologous chromosomes assort independently of eachother
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codominance
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where offspring can display two dominant phenotypes at the same time
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which would produce offspring that are all roan cattle (mixed of red and white)?
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red x white
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what is the basis for incomplete dominance?
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one allele produces some functioning protein while the other in non functional
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a cross AaBbCc x AAbbCC, what fraction of F1 will be AaBbCc?
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1/8
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How many unique gametes can be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype: AsBbCcDdEEFF
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16
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what blood type is the universal donor
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O
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Can a Rh+ mother have a an Rh "blue" baby?
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no
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what causes hydrangea plants to change color?
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environmental factors like soil pH
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what is a sex linked trait in humans?
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hemophilia
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Why do x-linked conditions appear more frequently in males than in females?
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A male with a nonfunctioning allele on the x chromosome does not have another allele of that gene not the Y chromosome that could cover up the nonfunctioning one
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Huntington Disorder is caused by a dominant allele. if a person who is heterozygous of HD mates with someone who does not have HD, what proportion of their children will have it?
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1/2
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how many colorblind male children would you expect from a colorblind mother and a non colorblind father?
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all
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what information about DNA is based on Rosalind Franklin's crystallography data?
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DNA has a double helix structure
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if a sample of DNA is made up of 10% thymine, what percentage of the sample will be cytosine?
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40%
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what is the relationship between DNA and proteins?
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DNA stores the information needed to make proteins
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what is transcribed from DNA
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ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
transfer RNA
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what is the main cause of malignant melanoma?
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UV light energy from the sun
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What are the three stop codons?
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UGA
UAG
UAA
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
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RNA nucleotides do not have based T
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Restriction Enzyme
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An enzyme within the nucleus that cuts (virus) DNA into pieces with sticky ends.
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Why is PCR useful?
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It allows for making many copies of DNA when the starting sample is small.
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what is used to make complementary DNA from RNA?
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reverse transcriptase
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what process was used to make dolly the sheep?
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fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg followed by incubation in a surrogate ewe
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what is a clone?
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an exact copy of a DNA, cell, or organism
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Restriction fragments of DNA are typically separated from one another by which process?
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gel electrophoresis
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on what basis does biotechnology distinguish one person from another?
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different people will have a different number of short tandem repeats at the same location in their genomes
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BIOL 1103: Exam 1