BIOL 1103 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Watson, Crick, and FranklinII. Components of DNAIII. DNA replication and MutationsIV. RNA and RNA processingV. Amino AcidsVI. Transcription and TranslationVII. Steps of TranslationOutline of Current Lecture I. Transgenic BiotechnologyII. Restriction Enzymes and DNA LigaseIII. Recombinant DNA and PlasmidsIV. Reproductive CloningV. PCRVI. Stem Cellsa. Controversy and PotentialCurrent Lecture- Transgenic biotechnology is the splicing of DNA from one species to anothero This produce recombinant DNA that will be reviewed later- Restriction Enzymes:o Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to make recombinant DNAo Restriction enzymes recognize the desired sequence in DNA, cut out that sequence; that fragment finds another DNA strand to pair with through base-pairing and then DNA ligase comes in and seals new, recombinant DNAThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.oo DNA and plasmids: Plasmids are ring-type structures found in prokaryotes that contain genetic materials (DNA) Plasmids can be made of recombinant DNA and are now used to replicatedesired human genes because bacterial cells replicate so quickly- Reproductive cloning is the production of mammals through cloningo Famous Dolly cloning experiment with goatso - PCR= polymerase chain reactiono Can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNAo Consists of heating, cooling, and replication; this brings about a chain reaction that produces an exponentially growing number of identical DNA moleculesoAfter some incubation, the embryo was implanted in a third sheep, which served as the surrogate mother. The surrogate mother gave birth to Dolly.This caused the two cells to fuse and prompted an activation that reprogrammedthe donor-cell DNA. This caused the fused cell to start developing as an embryo.The donor cell and eggwere put next to each other, and an electric current was applied to the egg cell.One of the resulting udder cells was selectedto be the “donor” cell forthe cloning. Meanwhile, using a slender tube called a micropipette, researchers sucked the DNA out of the egg.A cell was taken from theudder of a six-year-old white sheep and then allowed to divide many times in the laboratory.o- Stem Cells:o Embryonic stem cells = Cells from the blastocyst’s inner cell mass; can give rise toall other cellso Adult stem cells = not as prominent as ESCs, found in small numbers in adult tissue adult stem cells do not have the differentiation potential of ESCs, nor the ESC’s ability to continue to produce specialized cells generation after generationo controversy: To harvest ESCs, originally researchers had to destroy the embryos the cells are a part of, something many people regard as a destruction of human life Others hold that embryos are potential human life, and that society has a greater responsibility toward impaired children and adults than it does toward embryoso Stem cells are believed to hold great potential for future and scientists believe that human trials with stem cells are five to ten years
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