FDNS 4600: FINAL Module 10
15 Cards in this Set
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Why are ingredients added to food?
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Maintain freshness; maintain nutritional value; improve taste, texture, appearance
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Food additive
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Any substance used in the production, processing, treatment, packaging, transportation or storage of food; excludes ingredients that are GRAS
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Uses of color additives
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1) to offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions; 2) to correct natural variations in color; 3) to enhance colors that occur naturally; and 4) to provide color to colorless and "fun" foods
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Approval for additives
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Petition FDA if new; FDA considers: 1) the composition and properties of the substance, 2) the amount that would typically be consumed, 3) immediate and long-term health effects, and 4) various safety factors.
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Once approved, FDA issues regulations that may include:
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Types of foods allowed in, maximum amounts, how identified on food labels
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Certified color additives
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Can be added in smaller quantities, more stable, better color uniformity, easier to produce & less expensive; generally don't have undesirable flavors; not natural so concern some consumers
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What does testing focus on?
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Cancer, neurotoxicity, behavior, allergic reactions
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Certified color reactions study
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Hypothesis: could increase gut permeability, increase histamine; in rats: high levels caused decrease in food intake, body weight, hb, RBC, white blood cells, increase some liver enzymes; low levels caused altered brain levels of neurotransmitters and changes in behavior
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Who evaluates flavor additives?
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FEMA works with GRAS; evaluate:–Chemical structure
–Structure-activity relationships
–Human exposure
–Known inherent toxicity
–Metabolic fate
–Natural occurrence
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Glutamate
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A common, nonessential amino acid; needed for normal digestion, GI function, receptors for taste buds, and GI tract; MSG is a salt of glutamate
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Average US intake of MSG
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0.5 to 1 g per day; less Na per tsp than salt
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MSG related to allergies or asthma?
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No relation to allergies; linked to asthma in poorly controlled studies but well-designed double-blind challenges; no positive reactions to MSG
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MSG effects on children
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Metabolized slower in children? NO. Role in ADHD? NO.
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MSG effects on pregnancy
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Pitkin study: no increase in fetal glutamate levels; Rodent studies: no adverse effects; placenta helps block glutamate entry
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Glutamate and the brain
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No harmful effects even at high dietary doses; lesions in rat studies;
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FDNS 4600: FINAL Module 10