PSYC 311: Exam 3
50 Cards in this Set
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adaptation
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The inherent capability of a species to adapt to circumstantial change in a manner that increases the survivability of that species.
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Darwin's Galapagos Finches
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exhibit divergent evolution since they diverged to occupy unfilled ecological niches.
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adaptive radiation
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evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments. Divergent Evolution.
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mobbing behavior
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Massive attacks of birds on a predator in order to protect young- a way of increasing reproductive success.
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divergent evolution
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two closely related species exposed to different selection pressures may develop different strategies.
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camouflage
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protective coloration
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cryptsis
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cryptic coloration
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body decorations
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attaching material to body for camouflage
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aposematism
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Signals emitted to warn of potential danger to predator. These are clear signal - colors that are BRIGHT, easily seen and recognized. Sounds that are easily heard (hissing; rattling).
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Batesian Mimicry
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A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.
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Mullerian Mimicry
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when two or more poisonous species resemble each other and gain an advantage from their combined numbers
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Mertensian Mimicry
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very poisonous species mimics less poisonous speices. Deadly mimic slightly dangerous species. Ex: Hornets, wasps, bees.
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distraction or misdirection
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butterflies with fake heads; lizards' detached tails that continue to writhe after detachment.
- When the detached part still moves the predator is likely to go for it, giving the animal a chance to escape.
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detection and vigilance
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- sensory capabilities in prey have evolved to provide optimal predator detection--- some animals optimize vision, others hearing, still others, smell.
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Interspecies cooperative vigilance
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Whenever both are protected. Example: Rhinos and tickbirds.
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dilution
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refers to the decrease in probability of predator attack on any one prey as group size increases.
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selfish herd
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groups whose members increase the probability of escape by using the herd as shield, distracter, or dilutor.
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fighting back
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since predators are often more powerful than prey, this is often a backup plan, however, we do see animals whose primary mode of defense is to attack.
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mechanical devices
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Species defense physical mechanisms: moose antlers, spiny sea urchins, porcupines, hedgehogs, certain fish, hooves, horns, teeth, etc.
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noxious chemicals
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skunks, wasps, scorpions, caterpillar spray and stinging spines (stone fish) and nematocyst stingers in the Box Jelly fish
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specialist feeders
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well adapted to a specific diet in terms of the location, capture, consummation (using specialized dentition), and digestion of a specific food source. They have evolved sensory, dental, digestive, etc. mechanisms to best exploit their ecological niche. They are very dependent on the food…
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mastication
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biting and grinding food in the mouth so it becomes soft enough to swallow
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pollination systems
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often feature co-evolution where both flower and pollinizers evolve to optimize for both plant and animal.
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sensory adaptations
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Use of Smell/Taste - Involved in mostly Consummatory behaviors in vertebrates.
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search image
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where the attention evoking power of an object is enhanced by reinforcement or punishment, and is often directly related to prey density.(Remember Dilution Effect)
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taste sensitivity
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special tissue needs may also determine what to eat. (Think of pregnancy food cravings)
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alcohol
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found in ripe fruit (can be distilled from fermented fruit).
High calorically and a characteristic odor is associated with the fruit. A certain African fruit that ferments readily is sought out by many animals. The animals get drunk!!
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dirt
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counters or removes toxins and provides for dietary needs.
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habitat selection
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involves searching for a new place to live. Traveling to, locating, securing, and defending the new habitat are critical. In some cases, adaptations are necessary.
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philopatric
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remaining in one spot or area as opposed to nomadic; literally "love of land", don't like to migrate.
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density independent dispersal
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may be due to fire, hurricanes, and drastic environmental changes.
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density dependent dispersal
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may be due to disease, decreases in food, increases in predation, or overcrowding.
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orientation
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is movement in a direction i.e., fly SOUTH for the winter.
But, bad news if displaced (by winds, storms, or psychologists)
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navigation
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is more sophisticated. It allows for correction of travel path in the event of displacement.
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using the sun
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The sun appears to move about 15 degrees per hour. There are also seasonal variations in day length and angle of a point on the map to the sun. There is obviously a need for a biological clock
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clock shift experiments
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the location of the sun is usually in tune with the internal clock.
Initial research was done by Gustav Kramer.The experiments are designed to create a discrepancy between the position of the sun and the animals' internal clock.
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stars
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there is evidence that some nocturnal travelers might orient towards Polaris (North Star) {plus or minus 35º} or one of several adjacent constellations.
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geomagnetic cues
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a cue using the earth's magnetic field for orientation
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longitude information
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can be provided by magnetic lines of force. It will indicate direction of travel, but will not tell animal HOW FAR it must travel.
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latitude information
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how far to travel. There is inclination (DIP) at poles and strength is greatest at the poles.
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ferromagnetic otoliths
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Detection of geomagnetic cues seems to be due to this, which is located in the part of the inner ear normally associated with balance, body position, acceleration, etc.Therefore, geomagnetic cues can provide both latitude and longitude information for homing and migration.
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chemical cues
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olfactory. almost always in water.
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territoriality
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There is competition for the best territories—usually, the most fit controls the territory.The size of the territory is related to the quality and quantity of resources contained within the territory.There may be many prides of lions in game rich areas, but only a few prides in areas wher…
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communication
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when an evolved signal is sent from one individual to another individual, and the recipient responds.
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intentional movements
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the beginnings portions of attack sequence... as threat escalates, other responses in the sequence are added indicating increased severity of the threat.
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displacement activities
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have to be wired in or learned since the meaning is not intuitively obvious..... leaf in teeth or yawning as a part of the threat display.
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autonomic responses
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such as vasodilatation (blushing), piloerection (hair standing on end), eyes dilating. These are hard to fake.
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meta-communication
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communicating about communications Soliciting play or help The "Play-Bow"
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pheromonal control of mating
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a. Priming
b. Attraction
c. Signaling
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language
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is often defined by quasi-humans known as linguists - these are classified as belonging to a species that practices a religion known as Linguistics. Define it based on human characteristics - this excludes all non-humans from ever having one - even sentient species from galaxies far away …
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PSYC 311: EXAM 2 PART 1