PSYC 311: EXAM 2 PART 1
41 Cards in this Set
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Learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior associated with experience and practice
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Orienting Reaction (OR)
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reflexive orientation to a new stimulus
threat or reinforcement value of a new stimulus must be investigated
an OR serves a function because continued orientating to a meaningless stimulus is counterproductive
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Habituation
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the relatively persistent waning of a response resulting from repeated stimulation without consequences
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Classical Conditioning (CC)
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Pavlov – Nobel prizewinner for physiology of digestion.
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Conditions necessary for CC
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US --- UR - an unconditioned stimulus that reflexively evokes an unconditioned response.
CS ------ a conditioned stimulus that does NOT evoke a UR (Bell; light flash, tone)
Pair the CS with the US in a series of training trials,
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Instrumental Learning (sometimes aka Operant) Thorndike – Law of Effect
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the probability of a response being repeated depends upon the consequences of that response (the effect that the response has on the animal).
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Instrumental Learning (sometimes aka Operant) Cats in a Puzzle Box
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Through Trial and Error Learning, the cat eventually discovers the response that allows the cat to escape from the puzzle box.
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Reinforcement (RF)
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a stimulus that increases the probability of a response which precedes that stimulus.
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Positive RF
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a desirable stimulus such as food that increases the probability of a response that occurs shortly before the food
Reward Instrumental Conditioning : S – R – Srf
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Negative RF
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the response terminates (allows escape from) or allows avoidance of a noxious or painful stimulus.
Ex: Shuttle Box, Lashley Jumping Stand, Straight Alley maze, etc.
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Punishment
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a response is followed by a noxious or painful stimulus. The probability of that response re-occurring decreases. S – R – Pain
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When is Rf or punishment effective?
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Optimally, the consequences of a response should occur within about .5 seconds of the response.
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Operant Conditioning
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a form of instrumental conditioning where the response is not in the animals’ repertoire
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Shaping
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the rf of successive approximations to a desired response.
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Partial RF: (Brief – FR, VR, FI, VI & Cumulative Recorder)
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1. Works better after initial training.
2. Counters satiation and extinction effects; cost less.
3. Very important for persistence
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Acquisition
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increasing the probability of a response through the application of reinforcing stimuli
Learning that a certain stimulus (smell, sound, sight) signals the availability of a rf (or a predator).
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Extinction
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lack of reinforcement decreases the probability of a response until it doesn’t occur any more
The probability of a response is zero.
The animal learns that the rf is no longer available.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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following extinction, time passes and the response reappears.
Inhibitory phenomena
Ever hopeful (anthropomorphism) the animal revisits the site of the food.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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a discriminative stimulus ( SD ) signals the availability of a reward or the presence of a predator.
SΔ indicates that reward or the danger is no longer available.
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Stimulus Generalization
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stimuli similar to the original stimulus elicits the original response.
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Response Generalization and Discrimination
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responses are not always identical. Some are more effective or efficient (produce more reinforcement), so they tend to occur more often.
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Preparedness
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A pre-wired disposition to quickly learn in a specific situation
ex: species defense action
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Garcia and Taste Aversion
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aversion is to taste and smell, not visual or auditory stimuli associated with the food
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Paradoxical aspects of Taste Aversion
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learning is best when reinforcement is immediate, and , usually requires many trials. Multiple stimuli, (light, sounds, colors, tastes, smells, etc) are present and may eventually serve as a S(d) or S(triangle)
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Taste Aversion
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is interesting because
only one trial is necessary, and taste aversion results in a very strong
specific aversion to the taste and smell of the food (Not sight or sound)
delay effects(barfing) until 3 hours after eating the food
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Insight learning
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Kohler with chimpanzees
cant solve problem but later on you think of the answer
An example of insight learning is a monkey is in a barred cage who, hours upon hours attempts with a stick tries to get a banana outside the cage. Realizing after a while that if he takes a second stick he…
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Latent Learning
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Tolman
Learning without reinforcement that can be due to a curiosity motive, or dissipation of fear
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Sign stimulus
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A specific external stimulus that initiates certain behavioral sequences that typically occur in a fixed stereotyped fashion.
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Vacuum activity
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level of RSE build up and overflows, or, a minimal SS is present
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Displacement
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blockage of the usual FAP..RSE flow triggers atypical behavior
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Model action patterns
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was noted that the FAPs may vary slightly, so MAPs are used instead (MAPs are the most frequently occurring form of a FAP)
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Altricial
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born naked, immature, eyes shut
these birds typically nest in trees or other protected areas
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Precocial
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In biology, the term precocial refers to species in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.
born ready to see, hear, locomote and are typically ground nesting birds
ex: chickens, ducks, geese
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Critical period for imprinting
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the amount of fear present in the animal
the animals ability to locomote or move
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Fear-Locomotor Dichotomy
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the probability of imprinting is determined by a critical period where fear is relatively low and motor ability is adequate
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Critical period
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optimal period for the establishment of imprinting or represent phases of greatest sensitivity to the moving stimulus
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Feature detectors
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process by which specialized nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a visual stimulus, such as lines, edges, angle, or movement.
frogs have peripheral analyses and a fixed response and requires a very low CNS
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Different feature detectors
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environmental information sensors
stationary object detectors and dark detectors
predator (danger) sensors
dimming detectors and moving object detector
food sensors
flies (erratically moving small objects)
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Continuous RF
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needed during initial training
susceptible to satisfaction
susceptible to extinction
cost of food
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Innate Releasing Mechanism
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the process by which a stimulus evokes a response when the connection between the two is inborn
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Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
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an innate behavior that appears to be substantially complete the first time the organism encounters the relevant stimulus
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PSYC 311: EXAM 2 PART 1