SLHS 2204 - Exam 1
44 Cards in this Set
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Cognition
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Art of thinking, brain function, orchestrating brain function
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When does language acquisition begin?
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At about 20 weeks after conception
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When the baby is born, does he/she already experience language?
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Yes, fetus develops auditory system in womb; learns to recognize melody and rhythms of language
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What are 4 techniques used to measure language outside of the womb?
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High Amplitude Sucking Technique, Head Turn Preference Procedure, Preferential Looking Procedure, The Fagan Box
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At what age group is the High Amplitude Sucking Technique and Heart-Rate Dehabituation Procedure used?
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Newborn to 5 months
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At what age group is Operant Head Turn Procedure and Visual-Fixation Procedure used?
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6 - 14 months
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What are 3 broad rhythmic groups?
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Stress-timed language, syllable-timed language, nora-timed language
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Rhythmic class hypothesis
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First thing infants discover is how rhythm organizes native language; shows preference for native tongue
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At what age can infants process basic rhythmic characteristics?
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Between birth and 2 months
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Motherese (or Infant Directed Speech (IDS))
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Rhythm input affected by special way people talk to children
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What are characteristics of Motherese?
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Short utterances, simple sentences, exaggerated prosody and enunciation, stress patterns exaggerate, pronounced facial expressions, higher pitch
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How is language acquired?
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Both nature (biological factors) and nurture (environmental factors) play role in language learning
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Nativist theories
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Noam Chomsky; we are born with linguistic structure; input/experience is not sufficient enough for grammatical structures
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Universal Grammar
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Specialized language-learning mechanisms for acquiring native tongue
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Domain Specific
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Brain mechanisms dedicated only to language learning
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Behaviorist Theories
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B.F. Skinner; Brain is blank; need experience to learn
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Critical periods
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Point we have to have exposure for behaviors (imprinting)
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Domain General
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Jean Piaget; language acquisition falls on same general learning mechanisms as other subjects
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What other factors play part in language acquisition?
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Social interaction - conversations help children become sensitive to rules for dialogue and turn-taking; mother-infant relationship
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Domain General
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Various emotions and behaviors used in social interactions
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Evolution has done 2 things...
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1. Made postnatal development extremely long for input to shape structure; 2. Domain relevant - areas are sensitive to particular patterns
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Narrowing/specialization approach
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Minimal predispositions for babies to pay attention
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How long is a human's gestation period?
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40 weeks; before 37 weeks baby is premature
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How does brain development relate with language development?
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Brain is plastic in early development leaving room for development
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What are 3 things that help in brain development?
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1. Brain weight; 2. Neural development; 3. Myelination
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What part of the brain gains the most weight?
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Brainstem
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Altricial
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Born in helpless state; reliant on parents for support and protection until maturity
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Precocial
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Animal is capable of moving around shortly after birth
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What does it mean if humans are secondary altricial?
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Accelerating birthing process; born with immature brains; arresting development until after birth
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Enriched environment vs. non-enriched
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Enriched environments increase dendritic connections; better to construct network early in life but also means not much room for change in future (but you can still change things)
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Myelination
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Insulate one neuron from another
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Glia cells
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Non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection; feed neurons
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What are the 4 functions of glia cells?
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1. Surround neurons and hold them in place; 2. Supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons; 3. Insulate one neuron from another (myelination); 4. Destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
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What are the 2 functions of the CNS?
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1. Sensory integration; 2. Motor regulation
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Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
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Cerebrum - all high level functions; cerebellum - where most neurons are found; brainstem - where basic and essential life needs occur
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What is the basal ganglia's function?
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Motor control, language
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What are the brain stem divisions?
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Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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Brain organization (2 points)
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1. Amount of brain area dedicated to motor movements and sensation (one side sensory, one side motor); 2. Relation of neurons shape and size with function
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Where do reflexes originate and why are they significant?
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In CNS and can help to provide indirect way of assessing development
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What parts of the brain get myelin first?
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1. Motor areas; 2. Sensory areas; 3. Visual cortex; 4. Auditory cortex; 5. Mesial surfaces of brain
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What is the function of the PNS?
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"Messenger"; carry information to and from the brain
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How must you think of a perceptual system?
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1. Network of system (taking information to cortex); 2. System and related brain areas (processing information at higher levels)
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Brodmann's Areas
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Brain cells function by structure and organization; cells with different cell bodies and different organizes have different functions
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Development of 5 senses
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1. Each function system involves several brain regions that carry out different types of information; 2. Identifiable pathways link components of functional system; 3. Each part of brain projects in orderly fashion onto next, creating topographic map; 4. Functional systems are hierarchica…
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SLHS 2204: FINAL