SLHS 2204: EXAM 3
63 Cards in this Set
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Middle ear
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tympanic cavity, pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
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ossicles
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mallus, incus, stapes
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tensor tympani muscle
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innervated by Cranial nerve V (trigeminal); this muscle is contracted primarily to dampen the noise produced by chewing
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CN V Trigeminal
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3 major divisions - ophthalmic, maxilar, mandibular
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Strapedius muscle
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innervated by CN VII; this muscle contracts with loud noise
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the cochlea is full of water so there is
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impedance
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as we go from middle to inner ear
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we go from an area of lower to greater impedance (just like as we go from air to fluid)
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distortion when transforming the energy into the cochlea
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sound is not as loud
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purpose of middle ear
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transfer to overcome impedance mismatch
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amount of impedance is related to
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friction, mass, and stiffness of a system
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lever action
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as distance from the fulcrum decreases, force at that end increases; i.e. moving fulcrum to resistance, require less force at effort for more force at resistance
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moving the fulcrum closer to resistance will
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increase the force of resistance and decrease it at effort
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area ratio
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high heel - step on front, not back; fulcrum - energy is put into cochlea, increases energy; force per unit are increases as you go from larger area to smaller area (20.1:1)
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buckling advantage
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the way the tympanic membrane is built is cone shaped, which produces (when energy is put), it is easier to push out; moving a cone shape toward the cone is easier than moving it against the cone direction
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cochlea
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sends auditory projections through Cochlear Nerve (VIII); embedded in the temporal bone of the skull; contains organ of corgi and vestibular organ
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Basilar membrane
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lots of fibers packed on the apex to compensate for frequency regions, fibers pack don base, get spaced as they move onto the apex
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base
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narrow; high frequency
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apex
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wide; low frequency
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hermetic system
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the fluids inside the cochlea are trapped inside, there is no flux of fluids, therefore the pressure generated by the stapes (when pushing the oval window) produces a wave that travels and ends
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tonotopic organization
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the fibers at the base are shorter and stiffer (tight thin and lighter), while the apex nerve fibers are loose, thicker, and heavier; non-linear progression of frequencies and intensity
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what makes the organ of corgi move?
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basilar membrane - as a result, the tectorial membrane moves (left and right) producing movement of the cilia, which results in transmission of info to the brain
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amplitude
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as you increase the intensity, the less the basilar membrane will move (displacement)
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low intensity
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high displacement
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outer hair cells
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mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters the cochlea by moving up and down, which helps the basilar membrane in the transduction of sound
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inner hair cells
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amplifiers that selectively increases/decreases frequencies; can transform the sound vibrations in the fluids of the cochlea into electrical signals that are then relayed via the auditory nerve to the auditory brainstem and to the auditory cortex
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vocal folds
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mucous membranes that open during inhalation and close when holding one's breath or phonation
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vibrating during phonation
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fundamental frequency modified by vocal tract to create speech sounds
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what is the source of F0 (fundamental frequency)?
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vocal folds vibration
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how fast can a cycle of vocal fold vibration be?
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1/440 = .002 sec (2ms)
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atricial
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born into a helpless state, reliant on its parents for support and protection until it matures
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precocial
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an animal which is capable of moving around on its own shortly after birth
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enriched environments
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increase the dimensions of the cellular constituents of the cortex at any age from prenatal to extremely old age
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enlargement of cortex layers is due to
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increase in number of dendritic connections (consequence not a cause)
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myelination
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insulating one neuron from another
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glia cells
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glue of the nervous system, elicit myelination
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what parts of the brain get myelin first
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motor areas
sensory areas
visual cortex
auditory cortex
mesial surfaces of the brain
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primitive reflexes
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reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants but not neurologically intact adults, in response to particular stimuli
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nativism
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certain knowledge is innate
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mentalism
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mental processes how the mind is organized
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structuralism
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structure and organization of language reflects the inherent nature of the mind (Chomsky)
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Behaviorism
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observable behaviors and its effects (Skinner)
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empiricism
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experience is the source of knowledge
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operant conditioning
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biological variables (e.g. genes) determine the nature of species and the environmental variables determine the behaviors of individual members of the species
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verbal behavior
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behavior reinforced through the mediation of other persons
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vocal verbal behavior
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spoken langauge
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basic elements of the operant model
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studied the language based on the circumstances in which it occurred and the effects it subsequently had (not based on formal objects like words, phrases, sentences)
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settling event
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given context that will likely trigger a know or expected response (e.g. when are you coming back? next month)
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operants
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groups or families of responses that are expected to occur depending the context (when and why they occur) -e.g. do you have the time? 2:35
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mands
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commanding, requesting or demanding that occurs in response to a deprivation state
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echoic
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imitating the acoustic characterizations of other's speech
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tact
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naming, describing, or labeling. it occurs in response to an object, person, event, etc
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extended tact
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generalization (cats for dogs)
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intraverbal
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highly conditioned behavior. how are you? I am fine thanks
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textual
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a verbal behavior that is not restricted to spoken words but written words
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autoclitic
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the secondary behavior that orders responses to indicate how each tag relates to others; verbal operants that come closest to the traditional notions of "grammar"
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Noam Chomsky
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humans are specifically designed to develop language, we are genetically programmed
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deep structure
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interface to the mental lexicon; rules in the brain that exist to apply to any language in the world
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surface structure
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corresponds to what is pronounced and heard; translation of rules into more applicable ways
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structuralist
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goal to examine the sentences we actually speak and to describe their systemic nature
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transformationalists
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wanted to unlock the secrets of language, to build a mode of our internal rules, a model that would produce all of the grammatical and non grammatical sentences
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transformational generative grammar (TGG)
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theory of grammar that accounts for the contsructions of a league by linguistic transformation and phrase structures; our innate subconscious ability to generate langauge
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attachment
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the long-term relationship that develops between the caregiver and the infant
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dyads
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the interdependence that infant and caregiver develop; explicitly describes two individuals interacting as a unit
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SLHS 2204: FINAL