ENVIRON 111: FINAL
87 Cards in this Set
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Imperialism
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all forces and activities contributing to the construction and the maintenance of trans-colonial empires
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pathocenoosis
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the ensemble of diseases interacting in a given population and environment and can relate to resistance
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landscape transformation
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deforestation created new opportunities for diseases and vectors, like Anopheles expansion. especially in Amazonia.
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Niall Ferguson
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influential historian who wrote the books Empire and Colossus. Made the links between ancient imperialism and what is happening in Iraq.
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3 types of colonies
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1) Exploitation Colonies
2) Maritime Enclaves
3) Settlement Colonies
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Osterhammel's definition of colonialism
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objectives of economic and political control entail robbing societies of of their own historical line of development, externally manipulating it, and transforming it according to the needs and interests of colonial rulers.
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Osterhammel's definition doesn't take into account:
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1)social categories such as colonizer and native (Senegalese sharpshooters who helped the French colonize)
2)Sub-colonies within formal colonial empires (Angola and Brazil or the Philippines and Mexico)
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Safari Hunting
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Connects European 19th Century hunting cult for nobility with emerging colonial territories all over the world, getting control of trade and leisure through nature
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animal taboos among the Baaka and other equatorial forest hunters
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Chimpanzee, Bongo Antelope, Leopard.
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Beryl Markham
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self-made colonial woman, first to fly from London to North America non-stop.
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Impacts of Centralized Control
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-Vast increase in surplus
-importance of forests for shipbuilding, railways, softwoods for mining, construction, paper, rayon, firewood.
-Importance of commercial forestry
-In the Indian case, revenues always greater than costs (not in Germany/France)
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Impact of Centralized Policies
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-Ecological warfare in the hinterlands
-Vermin eradication
-Limitations on pastoralists and agroforestry
-Displacement, confinement, and transfers of people
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Impact of centralized regulatory control
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-Creation of a vast forest estate in India (more than 35% of India under control of forest department by 1900)
-Creation of a large forest bureaucracy (more than 10,000 employees)
-Jump in 1900 because of the newly formed Forest Department but decline in 1940 because Burmese forests wer…
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Impacts of colonial forestry
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-Creation of a vast network of reserves
-Systematic cultivation of desired species
-Exclusion of extensive cultivation, grazing, hunting, fishing, and settlement
-Forest villages to supply captive labor for forest operations
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Iconic modes of consumption an status
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-travel
-Civilizing missions
-Gear for adventures in "off the grid" areas
-Retreat to luxurious five star "gazes" on nature.
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How decolonization happens
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1) Political concerns
2) Military debts
3) Economic constraints
4) Moral/Ethical opposition
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World Trade Organization
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the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations
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WTO Agreements
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negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliament. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business
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post colonial commerce
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A trend of decentralizing government and reducing the role that government plays in everyday life.
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Oil
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rainforests often lie on rich (fill in the blank) deposits
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Rentier states
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places in which there has always been taxation and it is established as a legitimate government activity. Particularly well-established in the oil producing countries of the Middle east
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Michael Ross
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showed that oil exports are strongly related to authoritarian rule and fosters violence.
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tradition and colonial conflict
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introductions of new technologies, new forms of social hierarchy, new deployments of force for the formation of colonial states and the protection of colonial markets has profound impacts
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Postcolonial conflicts
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recall how geopolitics shaped independence struggles (African communist Vs. capitalist forces with respect to control over natural resources and labor). Still happening today (blood diamonds)
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Dutch
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Indonesia colonized by the (fill in the blank) much of their timber was exploited. ONly got independence from the Netherlands in 1949
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Kalimantan
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2nd largest and most industrially advance province in Indonesia. Major producer of oil and timber. Home of a collective tribe called Dayak.
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History of Extraction from Kalimantan
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1) Courts traded in forest products
2) Pepper plantations
3) rubber plantations
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Care Positive
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a program competition that recognizes at Placer Dome's South Deep mine in the Witswatersrand region of South Africa than aims to mitigate the social and economic of HIV/AIDS on the families of mineworkers as well as the impact of the epidemic on production costs
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Dr. Jim Yung Kim
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Former WHO leader, current president of Dartmouth, M.D. PHD of Anthropology, made drugs cheaper and more available for third world countries.
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Gregory Bateson
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said that " patterns that casually and powerfully connect the mega-patterns or forces of global change
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Global connectivity
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the quality or condition of being linked by cross-border flows of goods, services, capital, ideas, people, information, technologies, and bio-physical processes which
1) compress time and space
2) create mutual interdependencies
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Thomas L. Friendman
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wrote the book "Hot, Flat, and Crowded" Based on what he saw of electronic activity growth that no job was safe, anything can be done in any part of the world now.
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Frances Cairncross
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said that the 19th century was marked by the falling cost of transporting goods, the 20th century by the falling cost of transporting people, and the 21st century will be dominated by the falling cost of transporting ideas and information.
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95%
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what percentage of humanity has not yet flown on an airplane
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50%
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what percentage of the world has not yet made one phone call?
and tags of your page. -->
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unbalanced
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connectivity is (fill in the blank)
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1/3
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what fraction of the world lives on $2 a day?
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15 trillion
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how many dollars of wealth have vanished on this planet?
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29
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how many babies die per hour due to economic downturn?
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about 55%
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almost what percentage of trade is inter-regional trade (aka europeans trading with other europeans)
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77%
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what percentage of imports do high income countries account for?
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Thomas P.M. Barnett
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wrote book called the Pentagon's new map that said "Disconnectedness defines political danger"
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35 years
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trade has really happened for (fill in the blank) years
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components of neo-liberalism
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-Privatized formally state owned businesses
- Money trickles down from the rich getting richer
- Demands growth
- Mandate to cut social services for the poor
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Adam Smith and mercantilism
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economist who broke away from this theory that required big colonial empires going around the world, gathering wealth and exporting it to their homeland.
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J.M. Keynes
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the father of macro-economic theory. He said that capitalism was prone to booms and busts and that you needed the state to join with capitalism in the form of a mixed government. He recommended "pump priming" (cutting taxes) the economy to end the recession
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Milton Freedman
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Economist at the University of Chicago that proposed a theory during the stagflation of the 1980s and 90s that turned away from Keynesian logic and most of the global economy picked it up.
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Index of Economic Freedom
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Two books of the most economically free countries made by the Heritage Institution and the University of British Columbia. (The worst are Cuba, Libya, and Burma)
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for 300 years, people like Leon Trotsky, Karl Marx, Ralph Nader, and Vladimir Lenon have been saying that capitalism sucks!
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why is capitalism hated all over the world?
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Robert Monks
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says that corporation is an externalizing machine in the same way that a shark is a killing machine.
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60%
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What percentage of corporations don't pay taxes?
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Capturing Government
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lobbying expenditures in washington have doubled over the past ten years. The Financial industry leads the world in political donations, its the same firms that are in trouble today, that have been lobbying for ten years. This describes which of the commandments?
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3,000 advertisements, $1,000 dollars
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each day many people are exposed to (fill in the blank) advertisements, some subliminal, some not. Amount of money advertisers spend on each individual person.
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transitizing ownership
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shifting from long term owners to short term speculators. Being concerned about micro transactions for personal enrichment (Book by John C. Bogle called "The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism."
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John Kenneth Galbraith
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who said "The sense of responsibility in the financial community for the community is not small. It is nearly nil."
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Herman Daly
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Who said "There is something fundamentally wrong with treating the Earth as if it were a business in liquidation."
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John Maynard Keynes
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Who said "Capitalism is not a success. In short, we dislike it, and we are beginning to despise it. But when we wonder what to put in it's place, we are extremely perplexed.
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global intensity
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the amount (or rate) of forces or pressure of human enterprise per unit of biologically productive and life-supporting resources available in the Earth's system
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equation for global intensity
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population X consumption per person X technology ( the amount of resources used and wastes created while producing each unit of consumption
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9.1 Billion
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the worlds population is estimated to reach (fill in the blank) by 2050
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Brazil, Russia, India, China
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BRIC Countries
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Ecological footprint, 1.3
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the WWF in Geneva made this famous. Right now, we're requiring (fill in the blank) planets.
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42%
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both China and the US claim what percentage of the total global footprint? However, China has a much lower footprint per person
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79%, 49%
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combined percentage of total global footprint of U.S. China and India. These three countries are claiming what percentage of all nature's services?
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9.4 (or 23 acres of biologically
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the average footprint for an American is (fill in the blank) global hectares
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4 times
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we are using (fill in the blank) times as many resources than people in poor countries
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4.4 hectares
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the US imports (fill in the blank) hectares of biological space from other countries because we only have 5 hectare available per person
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Kenneth Boulding
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who said "anyone who believes exponential growth can go on forever in a finite world is either a madman or an economist?"
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global velocity
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quickness or rapidity of action or (rate of change in position in time) producing an acceleration in the speed or rate of change in global states or conditions, especially in the realms of science and technology
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the singularity
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artificial intelligence will surpass humans and the time of actuality ranges from 2030-2050
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information technology
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harvesting, storage, processing and transmission of information
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biotechnology
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(genetic modification) altering the traits of living organisms by adding genetic information that has been manipulated outside of cells
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nanotechnology
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manipulation and control of matter at the scale of molecules and atoms
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60%
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the amount of information on this planet is growing (fill in the blank) percent annually
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Ray Kurzweil
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an MIT engineer. he created the first optical character recognition software, and text to speech software for the blind. Says that in the next twenty years, we will experience as much technological progress as we've had in the last 100 years.
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Bill Joy, Co-Founder and Chief Scientist of Sun Micro systems
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"Our most powerful 21st century innovations are threatening to make humans in endangered species."
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the Daly rules of ecological sustainability
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1) Renewable resources such as fish, soil, and groundwater must be used no faster than it can be replenished
2) Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels must be used no faster than renewable substitutes for them can be put into place
3) Pollution and wastes must be emitt…
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Global scarcity
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the condition of having an inadequate supply of global ecosystem services relative to efficiently and equitably meeting the demands of 1) absolute fulfillment of basic human needs 2) relative fulfillment of human wants as they have been accustomed too.
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60%
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What percentage of ecosystem services are degraded?
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global density
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the number of individuals and amount of their activity (energy/matter throughput) per unit area (compactness, crowdedness, etc)
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Africa and Asia
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urbanization is growing the fastest in which 2 parts of the world?
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Miami, NYC, Calcutta, Shanghai, Mumbai, Tokyo, Bangkok
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Cities most at risk of climate change damage
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Nelson Mandela
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Who said "the greatest single challenge facing our globalized world is to combat and eradicate it's disparities?"
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that there's perfect equality of wealth
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Gini coefficient of zero means
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means that there's a perfect inequality of welath
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Gini coefficient of one means
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Winston Churchil
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Who said "Out of intense complexities, intense simplicities emerge."
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John W. Gardner
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Who said "What we have before us are some breathtaking opportunities disguised as insoluble problems."
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ENVIRON 111: FINAL