53 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
P & Q
|
Only true when both are true
|
|
pVq
|
only false when both are false
|
|
-p
|
both true or false
|
|
for p arrow q
|
only false when t arrow f
|
|
But
|
Is an & statement
|
|
Double negative
|
is allowed
Ex: it is not the case that the zoo won't accept any more animals
|
|
If
|
if p, then p
p arrow q
|
|
only if
|
p only if q
p arrow q
|
|
provided
|
p provided q
q arrow p
|
|
unless
|
p unless q
not q arrow p
|
|
whenever
|
whenever p, q
p arrow q
|
|
All S are P name
|
Universal affirmative
|
|
No S are P name
|
Universal negative
|
|
Some S are P name
|
particular affirmative
|
|
Some S are not P name
|
Particular Negative
|
|
All S are P letter
|
A
|
|
No S are P letter
|
E
|
|
Some S are P letter
|
I
|
|
Some S are not P letter
|
O
|
|
Some S are P diagram
|
X in the middle
|
|
Some S are not P diagram
|
X in the S
|
|
All S are P diagram
|
Shade in the S
|
|
No S are P diagram
|
shade in the middle
|
|
Major Term
|
Premise
P
|
|
Minor Term
|
Subject
S
|
|
Middle Term
|
Other term
M
|
|
Structure of paragraph
|
1) major premise
2) minor premise
3) conclusion
|
|
Major Premise
|
(middle) (major)
|
|
Minor Premise
|
(minor) (middle)
|
|
Conclusion
|
Therefore, (minor) (major)
|
|
Propositional Logic
|
Branch of deductive reasoning that deals with the logical relationships among statements
Use symbols to clarify and represent relationships
|
|
Validity
|
Whether an argument is valid depends solely on its form
|
|
Logical Connectives
|
Specify the relationships between statements
Specify the form of an argument
and, or, not, if then
|
|
Symbols
|
Variables that are used to represent propositions
Ex: P= I ate a sandwich
Q= I ate a watermelon
|
|
Conjunction
|
and
|
|
Disjunction
|
or
|
|
Negation
|
not or negative
|
|
Conditional
|
if, then
|
|
Simple Statement
|
If it does not contain any other statements
|
|
Compound Statement
|
If it is composed of at least two statements
|
|
True Statement
|
has truth value of true
|
|
False statement
|
has truth value of false
|
|
Truth Tables
|
allow us to check whether an argument is valid or not
|
|
Propositional Logic
|
Interested in how different statements are related to each other
|
|
Categorical Logic
|
Studies the subject and the predicate of a statement and their relationship between each other
|
|
Terms
|
words in categorical statements that name classes or categories
All S are P
No S are P
Some S are P
Some S are not P
All categorical statements
|
|
Subject and predicate terms for categorical
|
Cant be anything but nouns, pronouns and noun phrases
|
|
Categorical Statement setup
|
1) Quantifier
2)Subject
3)Copula
4)Predicate
|
|
Copula
|
Verb that connects the subject term to the predicate term
ARE
|
|
Quantifier
|
Word that expresses the quantity or the number of categorical statements
All, Some, No
|
|
Singular Statements
|
Statements that say something about a single person or thing
Ex: A BLT is not a soup
The National are a band
When you use the form All things identical
|
|
Venn Diagrams
|
Help us evaluate whether categorical arguments are valid
|
|
2 rules of Venn Diagrams
|
Always have at least 2 circles
Always have circle overlapping
|
PHIL 211: TEST 2