62 Cards in this Set
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Chaperone Proteins
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Aid in protein formation by binding to misfolded and unfolded proteins to help them regain their native structure
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RanGEF
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(RanGuanine Exchange Factor) promote exchange by acting as an activator
Converts RanGDP to RanGTP
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RanGAP
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Activating protein
Converts RanGTP to RanGDP through hydrolisis
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Ran
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A GTP protein associated with transport into and out of the nucleus; inactive in the GDP form
Essential to the translocation of RNA
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Sar1
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Cystolic Protein
Inactive in the GDP Phase; active in the GTP Form
Has a hydrophobic tail that is hydrophobic enough to embed in the membrane of the ER
Recruits coat proteins for vesicle budding
Associated with COPII
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Rab
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Proteins that control docking and fusion by helping vesicles to tether to target membrane surfaces
Confer specifically in the interaction between vesicles and their target compartment
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Na+ / K+ATPase
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Pumps the excessive amount of Na+ after an action potential to restore an ion gradient across a neuron's membrane
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Adenyl Cyclase
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Makes cAMP from ATP
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cAMP
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Second messenger
Binds to protein kinases to make them active
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Protein Kinases
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Go to the cell nucleus to phosphorylate nuclear proteins to alter gene expression
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G-Protein Complexes in Extracellular
Hormone Binding
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Act as an intermediate between the hormone receptors and the effector enzymes
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Refactory Period
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The amount of time it takes an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus after just experiencing one
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Proliferation
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Rapid and excessive spread or increase
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Ras GTPase
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Involved in transmitting signals within the cells (Cellular Signal Transduction)
Regulated by RasGEF and RasGAP
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RasGEF
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Stimulates Ras to bind to GTP
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RasGAP
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Stimulates GTP hydrolysis by Ras
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Cotranslational Transport
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Transport that occurs while the protein is being translated
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Post-translational Transport
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Transport after the whole protein has been synthesized
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Phosphorylation
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Addition of a phosphate group (PO4)-3 to a protein or other organic molecule
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The Export Cycle
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Requires NES (Nuclear Export Signal)
Receptors recognize the NES
RanGTP (in nucleus) binds receptor and cargo - activating export
Once in the cytoplasm, Ran encounters its GTPase activation protein (GAP)
GTP is converted to GDP - RanGDP returns to the nucleus with help from import re…
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The Import Cycle
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Nuclear import receptors recognize NLS (Localization) + bind cargo + protein for import
Importin/Cargo complex binds + then is transported through the pore
In nucleus the complex encounters RanGTP which displaces cargo and releases receptor.
RanGTP is transported back to the cytoplasm…
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Nuclear Lamina
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Meshwork of intermediate filaments under the nuclear envelope
Provides mechanical support for the nuclear envelope and serves as an attachment site for chromatin fibers at the nuclear periphery
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Site of co-translational glycosylation of secretory proteins
Site of phospholipid synthesis
Site of GPI lipid anchoring of membrane proteins
Site of synthesis of oligosaccharides for co-translational attachment to proteins
Site of Ca2+storage and enzyme detox in liver
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Nascent Protein
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Protein that isn't finished
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SRP
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Signal Recognition Particle that targets proteins to the ER
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Translocon Channel
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Where proteins cross into the lumen of the ER
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What proteins are made on RER-bound Ribosomes?
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lysosomal, secretory, integral membrane, glycosylated
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GFP
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Green Fluorescent Protein
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Signal-Anchor Sequence
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A single segment in the nascent chain that serves as both a signal sequence for binding SRP and a sequence that codes for insertion into the lipid bilayer
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Stop-Transferase Sequence
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Made of at least 15 continuous hydrophobic or uncharged amino acids
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UGGT
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Glucose-Glycoprotein-Glucocyl-Transferase
Adds a single glucose back to one end of the recently trimmed oligosaccharide in the event that a glycoprotein is misfolded
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Golgi Apparatus
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Localized near the nucleus of the cell + dependent on microtubules
Stacks arranged in order w/different Golgi proteins in each stack - they become more acidic
Modify oligosaccharides on glycoproteins sequentially as they pass through the stacks
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Man-6-Phosphate
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Added onto oligosaccharide chain is the CGN
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Mitochondrial Transport
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Proteins are made in the cytoplasm and their targeting signal directs them to the outer mitochondrial membrane
Once the protein gets inside, the signal is cleaved off
Post translational import
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Hydrolytic Enzymes
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Found in lysosomes
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Clathrin
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Protein that coats vesicles:
Acts as a mechanical device to form vesicle
Provides mechanism for selecting components
and cargo to be carried by each vesicle
Not glycosylated and do not have targeting signals
Associated with vesicle formation at the cell membrane and when vesi…
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COPII
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ER to Colgi
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COPI
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Golgi to ER
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Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins
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Imported Post-Translation and are fully folded
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H+ATPase
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Maintains acidity of lysosomes
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Phospholipase C
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Increases cytosolic calcium levels
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I-Cell Disease
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No lysosomal enzymes are packaged correctly
Caused by missing Man-6-P receptor of the Man-6-P transferase
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Lysosomal Hydrolases
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Found within lysosomes
Degrade endocytosed material
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Cytoplasmic Compartment
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Site of recognition of the nuclear localization signal by an importin
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Pinocytosis
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Uptake of soluble, fluid-based material from outside the cell
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Phagocytosis
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Engulfment of particles (like bacteria) by direct attachment
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Exocytosis
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When vesicles (and their contents) are excreted from the cell in the extracellular space
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Endocytosis
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Engulfment from outside the cell
Delivers materials to lysosomes for degradation
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Late Endosome
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A membrane-bound vesicle that arises from an early endosome and develops into a lysosomes
Contain endocytosed material
Sort cell surface receptors from the associated cargo
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Lysosomes
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Vesicle filled with enzymes that are utilized to break down material in the cell
Arise from late endosomes
Highly Acidic
Do not sort proteins
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Transcytosis
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Soluble material endocytosed from one domain is delivered to another domain instead going to lysosomes
Allows proteins to be moved across the barrier formed by the epithelium
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Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Protein Sequences
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Remain as part of the molecule
Internal, rather than on the end
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Mitochondrial Chaperone Proteins
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Keep polypeptides unfolded in the cytoplasm
Help pull polypeptides into the mitochondrial matrix
Fold mitochondrial proteins once they reach the matrix
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TOM Complex
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The Outer Membrane protein import complex
Contained in the outer mitochondrial membrane
Includes a receptor that recognizes and binds mitochondrial proteins + a protein linked channel
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TIM Complex
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The Inner Membrane protein Complex of the mitochondria
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TIM22 Complex
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Binds integral proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane and inserts them into the lipid bilayer
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TIM23 Complex
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Binds matrix proteins and translocates them completely through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix compartment
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PTS1 and PTS2 Bearing Matrix Proteins
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Target to a common import receptor and translocation machinery on the peroxisomal membrane
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Carbohydrates that are synthesized in the Golgi
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glycosmainoglycans, pectin, hemicellulose, Carbs of glycolipids, Carbs of glycoproteins
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Anterograde
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Moving anterior-ly
Describes movement through the Golgi from the CNG to the TNG
Describes COPII movement
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Retrograde
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Describes the movement of the COPI proteins from the Golgi to the ER
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SNAREs
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Confer specifically with vesicle fusion to targeted proteins
Return to RER via retrograde trafficking
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MCB 2210: EXAM 1