OCNG 251: EXAM 2
37 Cards in this Set
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atoms, isotopes, molecules
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· Atomic number- number of protons in nucleus
· Mass number- number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
· Isotope: atoms with the same atomic number by different number of neutrons
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covalent, ionic bonds
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· Ionic bonding some atoms loose electron from outer shell and other atoms gain electrons in outer shell
· Covalent bonding: electrons in outer shell of atoms are shared
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Structure of the polar water molecule, the hydrogen bond
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· Water is a polar covalent molecule
· Is formed by 2 hydrogen joining together with oxygen in a shared covalent bond
· Hydrogen bonding: Because of polar molecules they want to line up like magnets, extra bond is the hydrogen bond
· Hydrogen bonding causes su…
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Properties of water
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· high latent heat capacity (weather modification)
· freezing and boiling temperatures (liquid water at earths surface)
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expansion upon freezing
-high surface tension (capillarity)
· high dielectric constant (dissolving power)
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Changes of state in water: latent heats of melting and vaporization
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· 1 calorie- is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1 degree Celsius
· latent heat of melting- the heat energy that must be added to 1 g of a substance at its melting point convert to a liquid 80 cal/g C degrees
· latent hea…
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heat capacity of land vs. water
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· heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree centigrade
· high heat capacity can absorb large quantities of heat with only a small change in temp
· pure water has high specific heat = 1 c per g bc it takes m…
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as temp increases...
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· Unbonded molecules pack more closely together density increases
· Greater proportion of H-bonded ice-like clusters density decreases
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Solution and dissolving power of water
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· dissolved solids reduce the freezing point of water
· water is the solvent for the solution that is ocean water
· salts are the solutes in the ocean water
· salinity is the amount of dissolved solids in seawater
· Parts per thousand (g/kg) or (‰)- gr…
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salts in seawater, def and measurement of salinity
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chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium all dissolved in water
· what determines salinity? – tastes, optical refractometer, titration for Cl ion, electrical conductivity
· highest salinity- atlantic ocean closer to equator
· salinometer- measures e…
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Density of pure water and seawater: dependence on T,S
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· sea ice forming and evaporation increase salinity
· Pure water has a maximum density of 1.000 g/cm3 at 4°C
· Ice floats because its density is 0.9170 g/cm3
· At T=20 °C, S=35 ppt, seawater density = 1.0247
· Increased salinity, increased density
·…
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Acidity, buffering, PH
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· Acidity- is a measure of reactivity of a solution associated with its hydrogen ion concentration
· Alkalinity- is a measure of the buffering capacity of a solution (ability to NEUTRALIZE the hydrogen bond)
· the pH of the solution tells you its degree of acidity of …
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Energy from the sun
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·solar flairs- huge amounts of energy (earth is tiny compared to it)
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Seasons and Earths orbit
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· the tilt of the earths axis relative to the ecliptic caused seasons – always points towards the north star
· coldest day is the winter equinox- directly above tropic of Capricorn
· longest day is the vertical equinox – directly above equator
· heat is gained…
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global heat budget and redistribution of heat
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· sun strikes low latitiudes at a high angle so the raditons is concentrated in a relatively small area
· earths atmosphere absorbs some radiation, less strikes the high latitude
· energy of sun covers more surface area
-greater thickness of atmosphere (beam of light …
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coriolis effect on air and water circulation
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· the coriolis effect- go in a tangent direction of the way the merry go round is turning if you let go
· northern hemisphere follow curved paths to the right/ south, left
· effect greates at the poles, and 0 at the equator
· depends on your latitude, speed of…
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atmospheric circulation: hadley, ferrell and polar cells
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· Northeast trades blow from the NE to SE
· In the ocean the winds are opposite
· In the ocean the north current flows towards the north
· Polar cell- are at the pole, polar easteries
· Ferrell cell- are at ground level and come from W. Hadley cell (NE…
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water and cold fronts: airflow around low and high pressure centers
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· Clockwise (anticyclonic) winds around high pressure cells
· Counterclockwise (cyclonic) winds around low pressure cells
· Air or water flow around a low-pressure center in the Northern Hemisphere
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hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons: energy source, circulation, storm surges
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· Anticyclonic is clockwise winds around high pressure cells
· Cyclonc is counterclockwise winds around low pressure cells
· Cycogenesis a wave distribution of the polar front (what produces mid latitude weather)
· Tropical cyclones (hurricanes)- huge rotating…
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greenhouse effect
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· Greenhouse gasses absorb energy radiated by the earth back into the atmosphere, change of wavelength is the key
· Keeps the earth at 15 degree C
· Without the effected it would be -18
· The amount of greenhouse gasses that come have to equal the amount going…
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sunlight penetration into the ocean
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· Wavelength of max radition is inversely proportional to the temperature
· Sun is 600 and earth 18 degrees C
· Energy that is reflected from the surface back to space is albedo
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direct and indirect measurements of atmospheric CO2
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· Carbon dioxide has an increased -(400 x10^3) concentration (ppbv)
-.5 rate of increase (% per year)
-60 relative contribution (%)
· Methane has an increased -1.7x10^+3 concentration (ppbv)
-1 rate of increase (% per year)
-15 relative contribution (%)
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Impacts of climate change: weather mods, melting glaciers, sea level rise, acidification
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· Human activites are causing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to accelerate
· Recent record shows increase in greenhouse gases since industrial revolution
· Over 140 years 1 degree of C increase
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human induced changed in the atmosphere
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· Potential natural causes of climate change: -changes in solar energy flux
-variations on earth's orbit
-volcanic eruptions
-tectonic movements of crustal plates
· Consequences of greenhouse: -shifts in weather patterns (warm water oceans)
-global rise in sea level (melting …
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sensitivity of the arctic to climate change
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· Caused a permanent ice cover on the sea surface from low pressures
· Ice forms
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Wind- driven ocean circulation
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· Horizontal currents that are caused by winds blowing over the surface
· Thermohlaine currents: vertical currents caused by sinking of high density waters and rising of low density waters
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Subtropical gyres and western boundary currents
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· Atlantic ocean surface circulation: north gyre
o Goes clockwise, driven by westies
· Atlantic ocean surface circulation: south gyre
o Counterclockwise, driven by trade winds
· Suptropical gyres: -equatorial current
-western boundary currents (west side of oc…
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special significance of the Antarctic cicumpolar current
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ekman spiral, ekman transport, geostrophic currents
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· V walfrid Ekman developed a circulation model called the Ekman layer
· The layer flows at 45 degrees to the winds and is confide to the top 100 m, net flow is 90 degrees to the wind (Ekman transport)
· The transport is 90 degrees to the right in the NH and 90 to the…
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Coastal and equatorial upwelling: biological significance
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· Costal Upwelling is caused by ekman transport pulling near-surface waters away from the coast
· Deeper waters "upwell" (move upward" to replace the surface waters moved offshore
· the deep waters usually are cold and rich in nutrients and dissolved oxygen
· …
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Convergence and divergence zones in the ocean
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atlantic ocean surface currents, the loop current and the gulf stream
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· large tropical gyres in each hemisphere, driven by Trades and Westerlies
· warm water moves poleward in western boundary current
· atlantic ocean surface currents: cooler water moves towards equators on the east sides
· atlantic ocean surface currents: south…
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Pacific and Indian ocean circulation compared to atlantic
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· Antarctic circumpolar current is the only current that can completely circle the earth
· Loop current eddy usually breaks off and creates stong clockwise currents
· Gulf stream connects with florida current
· Warm currents can come in between cold water mend…
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el nino/la nina
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· El Nino influx of WARM water occurring every 5-10 years
· the onset of El Nino is associated with the weakening of the Trade Winds in the Pacific Ocean
· temperature difference is called anomaly
· La Nina influx of COLD water
· La nina can cause drou…
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thermohaline circulation and deep water formation
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· thermohaline circulation is the vertical movement of ocean water driven by density differences that result from combined effects of temp and saline
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atlantic water masses and the layer cake vertical structure
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· stable stratification (science experiment) resist vertical mixing
· unstable stratification (science experiment) easily mixed
-convection/overturning occurs
· 3 layer cake (with frosting) contains: warm surface layer (frosting)
-Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)
-…
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deep circulation patterns connecting major oceans
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· Indian Ocean creates circulation called monsoons
· Monsoon NH winter-air is cold, atmospheric high pressure over the content and moves Southwest
· Monsson NH summer-low pressure (hot land)- go from southwest and goes to the right
· pacific is 3 times wider t…
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exploration and circulation of the arctic ocean
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· Antarctic Circumpolar Current or West Wind Draft is the only current that flows completely around the globe from West to East
· Antarctic Divergence separates the East and West Wind Drift currents and is an upwelling region
· does the pacify extend as long as the at…
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Study Guide: Exam 4