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TAMU OCNG 251 - Lect3(Oceano)-(MarineProvinces)

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““The trouble with our times is that theThe trouble with our times is that thefuture is not what it used to befuture is not what it used to be””““The time for a finite world has startedThe time for a finite world has started””Paul Paul ValeryValeryOCNG 251: OceanographyOCNG 251: OceanographyThursday, Sept. 09, 2008Thursday, Sept. 09, 2008The Hydrological CycleThe Hydrological CycleDefining BoundariesDefining Boundaries1.1.The Global Hydrological CycleThe Global Hydrological Cycle––Reservoir PartitionReservoir Partition––FluxesFluxes––Residence TimeResidence Time2.2.Defining Boundaries: 1) Marine ProvincesDefining Boundaries: 1) Marine ProvincesCycle ApproachCycle ApproachSome DefinitionsSome DefinitionsTransport and transformation processes within definiteTransport and transformation processes within definitereservoirs: Carbon, Rock, Water Cyclesreservoirs: Carbon, Rock, Water Cycles!! ReservoirReservoir: (box, compartment: M in mass units or moles) An: (box, compartment: M in mass units or moles) Anamount of material defined by certain physical, chemical, oramount of material defined by certain physical, chemical, orbiological characteristics that can be considered homogeneousbiological characteristics that can be considered homogeneous––OO22 in the atmosphere in the atmosphere––Carbon in living organic matter in the OceanCarbon in living organic matter in the Ocean––Ocean Water in surface water massesOcean Water in surface water masses!! FluxFlux: (F) The amount of material transferred from one: (F) The amount of material transferred from onereservoir to another reservoir to another per unit timeper unit time (per unit area) (per unit area)––The The raterate of evaporation of water from the surface Ocean of evaporation of water from the surface Ocean––The The raterate of deposition of inorganic carbon (carbonates on of deposition of inorganic carbon (carbonates onmarine sedimentsmarine sediments––The rate of contaminant input to a lake or a bayThe rate of contaminant input to a lake or a bayCycle ApproachCycle Approach……!!SourceSource: (Q) A : (Q) A fluxflux of material into a reservoir of material into a reservoir!!SinkSink: (S) A : (S) A fluxflux of material out of a reservoir of material out of a reservoir!!BudgetBudget: A balance sheet of all sources and sinks of a: A balance sheet of all sources and sinks of areservoir. If sources and sinks balance each other and doreservoir. If sources and sinks balance each other and donot change with time, the reservoir is in not change with time, the reservoir is in steady-statesteady-state (M (Mdoes not change with time). If does not change with time). If steady-statesteady-state prevails, then prevails, thena a fllux fllux that is unknown can be estimated by its differencethat is unknown can be estimated by its differencefrom the other fluxesfrom the other fluxes!!Turnover timeTurnover time: The ratio of the content (M) of the: The ratio of the content (M) of thereservoir to the sum of its sinks (S) or sources (Q). Thereservoir to the sum of its sinks (S) or sources (Q). Thetime it will take to empty the reservoir if there arentime it will take to empty the reservoir if there aren’’t anyt anysources. It is also a measure of the average time ansources. It is also a measure of the average time anatom/molecule spends in the reservoir.atom/molecule spends in the reservoir.!! Cycle Cycle: A system consisting of two or more connected: A system consisting of two or more connectedreservoir, where a large part of the material isreservoir, where a large part of the material istransferred through the system in a cyclic fashiontransferred through the system in a cyclic fashionThe Rock CycleThe Rock CycleThe Water (Hydrologic) CycleThe Water (Hydrologic) CycleThe Water Cycle (in detail)The Water Cycle (in detail)!!The volume of water at the surface of the Earth isThe volume of water at the surface of the Earth isenormous: 1.37 10enormous: 1.37 1099 km km33! (total reservoir) ! (total reservoir) –– The TheOceans cover 71% of the EarthOceans cover 71% of the Earth’’s surface (29% fors surface (29% forthe continent masses above sea level)the continent masses above sea level)Reservoir Volume (km3) % TotalBiosphere 0.6 1030.00004Rivers 1.7 1030.0001Atmosphere 13 1030.001Lakes 125 1030.01Groundwater 9500 1030.68Glacial and other land ice (?) 29000 1032.05Oceanic water and sea ice 1,370,000 10397.25Total1,408,640 103100Adapted fromAdapted from Berner Berner && Berner Berner ((The Global Water CycleThe Global Water Cycle; Prentice Hall, 1987); Prentice Hall, 1987)!!Of total yearly evaporation, 84% evaporates from the Oceans andOf total yearly evaporation, 84% evaporates from the Oceans and16% from continental surfaces.16% from continental surfaces.!!However, return to the Earth surface via precipitation: 75% fallsHowever, return to the Earth surface via precipitation: 75% fallsdirectly on the Oceans and 25% on the continents.directly on the Oceans and 25% on the continents.!!During the year, the atmosphere transports 9% of OceansDuring the year, the atmosphere transports 9% of Oceans’’evaporation to the continents!evaporation to the continents!!!This water is returned via surface streams and as groundwaterThis water is returned via surface streams and as groundwaterFluxes (F in 10Fluxes (F in 1033 km km33/yr)/yr)!!Precipitation and evaporation arePrecipitation and evaporation aredifficult to measure preciselydifficult to measure preciselyover the oceans. They are mostlyover the oceans. They are mostlyestimated from models andestimated from models andsatellite data.satellite data.!!Groundwater reservoir estimatesGroundwater reservoir estimatesbear a inherent error in the factbear a inherent error in the factthat they are indirectlythat they are indirectlydetermined.determined.!!Soil moisture andSoil moisture andevapotranspiration evapotranspiration rates dependrates dependon indirect measurements andon indirect measurements andaverage soil quality andaverage soil quality andglobal/regional respiration ratesglobal/regional respiration ratesErrors!Errors!Concept of residence timeConcept of residence timeReservoir MInflow Q Outflow SIn steady state: Q = SResidence time t = M/Q = M/SHigh High probabilityprobability that a certain fraction of the atoms or molecules that a certain fraction of the atoms or moleculesforming the reservoir (M) will be of a certain age (mean age of


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TAMU OCNG 251 - Lect3(Oceano)-(MarineProvinces)

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