28 Cards in this Set
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Epigenetics
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-environment and experience alters gene expression in way that can be long lasting
-changes rate of gene transcription
via 3 ways:
1. Histone modification: more space between nucleosomes the more it appears (i.e. methylated or acetylated)
2: DNA methylation
3. ncRNA
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Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters
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Pre-synaptic Terminal:
1. transmitter is synthesized; stored in vesicles &/or endosome
2. action potential invades the terminal
3. depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+
4. Ca2+ influx
5. Ca2+ --> vesicles fuse to membrane in omega shape
Post-synaptic Membrane:
6. transmitter bin…
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
-balances the body's internal organs to "rest & digest" via parasympathetic (resting) nerves or to "fight or flight" or engage in vigorous activity via the sympathetic (arousing) nerves
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ANS Controls
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1. glands: present in organs
ex) sweat, mucous, saliva, etc.
2. smooth muscle: present in organ walls, blood vessels, & intrinsic eye muscles
ex) radial and sphincter muscles of the iris
3. cardiac muscle: heart muscle
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Major sinuses in the Meniges
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1. superior sagittal sinus--> runs from base of neck to forehead
2. inferior sagittal sinus-->runs in middle of brain
3. transverse sinus-->runs from each temporal lobe
FUNCTION: regions that collect venous blood for return to the heart
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Basal Ganglia
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collection of nuclei that lie within the forebrain below the white matter
-consists of 3 structures:
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
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3 parts of the forebrain
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1. neocortex: regulates various mental activities
2. basal ganglia: control of voluntary movement
3. limbic system: regulates emotions and behaviors that create and require memory
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Components of Diencephalon
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. thalamus: relays sensory info to the cortex; sensory and motor processing
2. hypothalamus: controls the release of many hormones (via connections to the pituitary gland)
-important for sleep
-temperature
-feeding behavior
-sexual behavior
-emotional behaviors
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Superior Colliculus
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-coordinates head movement when moving the eyes towards a stimulus
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Inferior Colliculus
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coordinates head movement to orient towards an auditory stimulus
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Meniges
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FUNCTION: outer covering; cerebrospinal fluid circulation; bouyancy
1. dura mater: tough double layer that encases the brain & spinal cord
2. arachnoid: thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows brains contours
3. pia mater: moderately tough membrane of connective tissue th…
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Falx cerebri
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dura mater travels between the hemispheres of the brain
-helps form a space for the venous sinuses
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Tentorium cerebelli
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dura mater travels between the cerebrum and cerebellum
-helps form a space for the venous sinuses
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Dermatome
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body segment that corresponds to a spinal cord segment; motor & sensory
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Nervous System
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comprised of central & peripheral nervous systems:
1. central: brain and spinal cord
2. peripheral:
a) somatic: cranial nerves & spinal nerves
b) autonomic:
(i) sympathetic
(ii) parasympathetic (enteric)
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Berry aneurysm
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congenital defect that can lead to a bulge in the circle of willis
-if ruptured, a lethal subarachnoid hemorrhage can occur
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Parts of the brainstem
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1. diencephalon
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain
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Efferent layers of the cortical cortex
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motor: layers V & VI
sensory: layers V & VI
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Midbrain
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1. tegmentum: ventral "floor" of the midbrain
2. tectum: dorsal "roof" of the midbrain
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Hindbrain
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-consists of 3 parts:
1. pons
2. medulla
3. cerebellum
-cerebellar size increases w/ physical speed and dexterity of a species
-cerebellar lesions can inhibit the performance of smooth directed movements
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Intrinsic eye muscles
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cranial nerve III contains parasympathetic fibers that contract the sphincter muscle of the iris
-sympathetic fibers that originate in the thoracic part of the spinal cord contract radial muscles of the eye
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Extrinsic eye muscles
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allows control of voluntary gaze
-controlled by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
-but because they are NOT smooth muscle, autonomic input is NOT needed to activate them
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Hypothalamus
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-consists of 22 nuclei & nerve fibers that pass through it
-control's production of body's hormones via the pituitary gland
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Afferent layers of the cortical cortex
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motor: layer IV
sensory: layer IV
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Thalamus
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larger than hypothalmus
-serves as a gateway for channeling sensory information & relays the info to the appropriate area in the brain
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Glial cells in the PNS
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1. neurolemmal or schwann cells:
-myelination
-assist w/ health, nutrition, support, etc.
2. satellite cells (dorsal root ganglia)
-normal health; responds to ATP release by soma
-no processes or barriers
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Astrocytes
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1. Blood Brain Barrier
2. Neural environmental regulation: k+, Ca2+, Na+, Cl-
3. Metabolism, growth, & neuronal health
-release of nerve growth factor
-energy reserves
-nutrition
-structural support
4. Developmental Scaffolding
-adult scaffold
5. Neurotransmitter Regulation
-glu…
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Cranial Nerves (functional groups)
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Sensory:
Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibucochlear (VIII)
Gustatory:
Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)
Mixed Motor & Sensory:
Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)
Eye Musculature:
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI)
Speech Motor:…
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NSCI 110:Exam 1