47 Cards in this Set
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John Comenius
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-Saw parents as early educators
-Interests & senses of the child should guide education process
-All children deserving of an education
-Wrote first illustrated children's book
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Johann Pestalozzi
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-Fundamentally reformed Western educational practice
-Children learn by interactions w/ physical & social world; they organize their experiences around these interactions
-Teachers should interact w/ children
-Punishments & rewards distract children from natural course of development
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Friedrich Froebel
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-Originator of kindergarten
-Education=positive guidance so that innate impulses of child can harmoniously develop through play/play-like activities
-Children should express thoughts through rhythm, dancing, music, language, drawing
-Make connections in life & nature study
-Developing…
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Maria Montessori
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-Child is in process of dynamic development which adult has attained
-Children educate themselves through absorption in meaningful tasks
-In process, they learn both self-discipline & responsible decision making
-Montessori style schools (American & Orthodox)
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John Dewey
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-Advocate of "new" education (progressive ed)
-Nature of adult's leadership=interactive rather than dictatorial
-Small groups
-Unique philosophical connection of dynamics of classroom w/ promise of democracy that societies still strive to attain
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What is a Constructivist Education?
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-Came from Piaget's ideas
-Child builds knowledge by interacting w/ social & physical environment
-From experiences, child constructs meaning
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What is the Reggio Emilia style?
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-Emphasis on creativity
-Teachers & children create together, building from interesting topics to generate multimedia projects
-Art=vital to curriculum
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The self-psychologist view
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Children will see themselves positively & will not need to act out against the world as long as they feel safe in their circumstances & valued as members of the group
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Combs, Maslow, Rogers' view
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-Combs: reality for individual is what he or she perceives
-"Perceptual field theory" pressed need for educators to be responsive to feelings of children in class & to teach healthy self-concepts & positive self-esteem
-Children who feel positively about themselves get along better w/ o…
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Rudolph Dreikurs
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-Advocated application of social science principles to classroom management
-Teachers should be leaders rather than bosses
-Encouragement more authentic than praise
-Emphasized that all behavior goal directed & that preeminent goal of behavior is social acceptance
-4 levels for why ch…
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4 mistaken goals (according to Dreikurs)
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1) getting attention
2) seeking power
3) seeking revenge
4) displaying inadequacy
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Primary goal in human behavior (acc. to self-psychologists)?
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Healthy personal development
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Haim Ginott
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-"Psychology of acceptance"
-Teacher's task=build & maintain positive relations w/ each child
-"I" messages
-"Cardinal principle" (address the behavior, accept the child)
-Use nonjudgmental acknowledgement to support relationships & solve problems
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Obedience-based discipline
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-Popular in 1980s
-Model teaches students to choose between the rewards of compliance & consequences of disobedience
-Provides consistent system of rewards/punishments both w/in classroom & across school or district
-Does not allow for individual circumstances; children who may make in…
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2 criticisms of obedience-based system?
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1) Classrooms where emphasis is on negative aspects of system are unpleasant; emphasis on obedience inadequately prepares children to function in a democracy
2) System seriously reduces teacher's ability to use professional judgment; cannot easily react to uniqueness of individual situat…
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What is Head Start?
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Federal program that promotes school readiness of children ages birth-5 from low-income families by enhancing their cognitive, social and emotional development.
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What does term Comprehensive Education Services mean?
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Family & child support services incorporated into schools such as childcare, parent education, health & nutrition support
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Democratic Life Skill #1
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Finding acceptance as member of a group & as a worthy individual
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Democratic Life Skill #2
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Expressing strong emotions in non-hurting ways
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Democratic Life Skill #3
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Solving problems creatively, independently, & in cooperation w/ others
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Democratic Life Skill #4
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Accepting unique human qualities in others
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Democratic Life Skill #5
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Thinking intelligently & ethically
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Piaget's stages of development
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Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational(2-7)
Concrete operations (7-11)
Formal operations (11-adulthood)
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Equilibrium
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Harmony between perceptions & understanding
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Disequilibrium
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Dissonance between perceptions & understanding
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Primary source of intrinsic motivation to learn? (acc. to Piaget)
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Need to resolve cognitive dissonance
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Egocentrism
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Young children understand events from their own perspectives & have difficulty accommodating viewpoints of others
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Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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Psychological "distance" between what child can learn on their own & through interaction w/ others
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Scaffolding
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Extension of learning through zone of proximal development by interaction w/ adult or more experienced peer
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What is the purpose of private speech?
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Guide to development in behavior & thinking; when children talk to themselves, they are trying out new ideas, acting as own teacher
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Executive function
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Set of cognitive abilities that control & regulate other abilities & behaviors; begins to develop during early years, but not fully formed until adulthood
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Trust vs. mistrust
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-Birth-18 mos
-Child needs stable & loving relationships to develop trust in the world & to venture into life w/ openness toward learning
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Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
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-18-42 mos
-Beginning of independence (walking, talking)
-Need balance between toddler finding "independence" while keeping safe limits
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Initiative vs. guilt
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-42 mos-6 yrs
-Identifies drive in young children to explore, create, discover
-Teacher structures environment & provides guidance so children can experience fully while learning about limits of acceptable behavior
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Industry vs. inferiority
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-6-12 yrs
-Children ready for more sophisticated social interactions & learning activities
-Children become aware of possibility of failing; sensitivity in teacher feedback is crucial
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Autonomy vs. Heteronomy
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-Autonomy: need for independence
-Heteronomy: action motivated by forces outside individual
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Types of multiple intelligences (by Gardner)
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Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Logical-mathematical
Linguistic
Spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
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What is emotional intelligence defined as?
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"Ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions, & regulate emotions to promote personal growth"
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How does guidance approach encourage brain to thrive?
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-Secure attachments w/ significant adults necessary for healthy neurotransmitter formation & brain functioning
-Hormones generated by positively charged experience both generate effective processing of info & facilitate healthy dendrite formation, which fosters further learning
-High st…
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Diff. between misbehavior & mistaken behavior
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-Misbehavior implies willful wrongdoing & invites labeling of child
-Children make mistakes in process of learning any difficult skills; mistaken behavior viewed as something that should be corrected thru teaching, not punishing
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Relational pattern: Survivor
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Child is concerned solely w/ getting thru time & space w/o disturbing est. ways of getting needs met
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Relational Pattern: Adjustor
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Child is concerned w/ learning what's expected by others & producing that behavior
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Relational Pattern: Encounterer
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Child is concerned w/ maintaining individual sense of centrality, wholeness, & initiative
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Mistaken Behavior - Level 1
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Experimentation:
-Involvement
-Curiosity
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Mistaken Behavior - Level 2
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Socially Influenced:
-Learned
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Mistaken Behavior - Level 3
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Strong unmet needs:
-Physiological factors
-Emotional factors, poss. created by variety of issues
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Comprehensive Guidance
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Multifaceted guidance strategy used with continuing strong needs mistaken behavior; includes improving the relationship w/ child, learning more about child's situation, non punitive crisis intervention, holding one or more meetings w/ fellow staff & parents, & determination, implementatio…
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H_D 341: EXAM 2