55 Cards in this Set
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Clade
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group with common ancestor and All descendants
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Cladistics
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Creation of phylogenetic tree based on organisms similarity to each other
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Parsimony
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most Simplistic to arrange a phylogenetic tree
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Homology
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Shared trait due to two organisms having a common ancestor
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Analogy
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shared trait due to two organisms coming from similar environments
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Synapomorphy
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derived trait that is found in descendants but no common ancestors
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Mono phylogenetic group
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same as a clade
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Para phylogenetic group
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groups of different species with same trait that evolves differently
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phylogenetic systematic
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classify organisms according to evolutionary history
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Branch
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part of tree that shows evolution divergence
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node
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part of tree showing common ancestor
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out group
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taxon related to group of interest but branched off early
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sister taxa
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organism derived from same node
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polyphyletic
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does not represent proper evolutionary clades groups are disjointed
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paraphyletic
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contains common ancestor but not all descendants
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caladogram
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tree with no branch length
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phylogram
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tree with branch length
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evolutionary species concept
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a species is a lineage of population
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phenetic species
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species decided around phenotypical similar organisms
ex tiger = stripes orange
No in between
lion = mane gold in color
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Biological species concept
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Ernst Mayr species composed of groups of potential or already interbreeding populations
gene flow
reproductive isolation
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phylogentic concept
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uses phonology to see derived traits to see boundaries of mono phyletic groups
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allopatric
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geographical isolation
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Dumbbell model
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Geographic disaster splits a population
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Peripheral model
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dispersal of population to an isolated region
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parapatric
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gradient towards divergent no geographic barrier
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sympatric
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divergence of a new species in the same location
soapberry bug
maggot flies
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Pre zygotic
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not able to mate
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post zygotic
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embryo fertilized but will not survive or will have reduced fitness
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evo dvo
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evolutionary development
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trade off in evolution and example
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giving up something for something else
dawins finches lager beak size good for eating limits range of vocalization
the size is a compromise for both
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trade off in human ex
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lyrax is good for vocal sounds but bad due to food having to pass it now (choking)
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Evolutionary Constraints
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limitations of evolution
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Functional Constraint
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range of alternatives geno/phenotype that allows a trait to function usually involvs a tradeoff
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Genetic constraints
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limitations on the pattern of genetic variation and co variations
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Pleiotropy
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one gene affects multiple traits
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example of pleotropy
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Cat) white coat=blue eyes= deaf
one gene responsible for coat color and hearing
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Antagonistic pleotropy
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gene codes for beneficial and detrimental effect
ex) P53 suppresses cancer cells and also suppresses stem cells
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Linkage Disequilibrium
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Traits physically linked genes are sorted together
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Physical linkage
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Two or more loci on same chromosome traits on same chromosome body color and wing type
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Developmental constraint
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certain way animal must develop which causes it to look a certain way ex: notochord primitive backbone in all vertebrates
kangaroo face shape to be able to get milk
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Physical Constraint
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laws of physics and properties that impose constraints
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on land physical constraint
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gravity pressure heat
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water physical constraint
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buoyancy air diffusion light salinity
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Direct benefits
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benefits that directly effect the organism
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indirect benefits
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ex: seahorse choosing mate with best genes
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Trivers Principal
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Greater parental investment= The choosy sex
seahorse male is choosy sex has limited egg space
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homeotic genes
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regulatory genes for placement of body parts
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antigenic shift
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more radical change in virus that is completely unrecognizable and common in pandemics
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antigenic drift
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virus evolves gradually which results in yearly changes in flu more mutation
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Out of Africa model
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homo sapiens evolved in africa and then dispersed out
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Multiregional
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homo erectus evolved in different areas into homo sapiens with little gene flow
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Derived character state
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what trait is a product from the common ancestor
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gene duplication
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multiple genes should allow for greater tissue specificity
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why is it important to take full course of antibodies
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possibility to mutate if you do not kill them all
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normal flora
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bacteria found naturally in the body usually hurt by antibodies
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Final Study Guide