View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (55)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
ENST 201: Exam 2
Clade |
group with common ancestor and All descendants
|
Cladistics |
Creation of phylogenetic tree based on organisms similarity to each other |
Parsimony |
most Simplistic to arrange a phylogenetic tree |
Homology |
Shared trait due to two organisms having a common ancestor |
Analogy |
shared trait due to two organisms coming from similar environments |
Synapomorphy |
derived trait that is found in descendants but no common ancestors |
Mono phylogenetic group |
same as a clade |
Para phylogenetic group |
groups of different species with same trait that evolves differently |
phylogenetic systematic |
classify organisms according to evolutionary history |
Branch |
part of tree that shows evolution divergence
|
node |
part of tree showing common ancestor
|
out group
|
taxon related to group of interest but branched off early
|
sister taxa
|
organism derived from same node
|
polyphyletic |
does not represent proper evolutionary clades groups are disjointed |
paraphyletic |
contains common ancestor but not all descendants
|
caladogram |
tree with no branch length
|
phylogram |
tree with branch length
|
evolutionary species concept
|
a species is a lineage of population
|
phenetic species
|
species decided around phenotypical similar organisms
ex tiger = stripes orange
No in between
lion = mane gold in color |
Biological species concept
|
Ernst Mayr species composed of groups of potential or already interbreeding populations
gene flow
reproductive isolation |
phylogentic concept
|
uses phonology to see derived traits to see boundaries of mono phyletic groups
|
allopatric |
geographical isolation
|
Dumbbell model
|
Geographic disaster splits a population
|
Peripheral model
|
dispersal of population to an isolated region
|
parapatric
|
gradient towards divergent no geographic barrier
|
sympatric
|
divergence of a new species in the same location
soapberry bug
maggot flies |
Pre zygotic
|
not able to mate
|
post zygotic
|
embryo fertilized but will not survive or will have reduced fitness |
evo dvo
|
evolutionary development
|
trade off in evolution and example
|
giving up something for something else
dawins finches lager beak size good for eating limits range of vocalization
the size is a compromise for both |
trade off in human ex
|
lyrax is good for vocal sounds but bad due to food having to pass it now (choking)
|
Evolutionary Constraints
|
limitations of evolution
|
Functional Constraint
|
range of alternatives geno/phenotype that allows a trait to function usually involvs a tradeoff
|
Genetic constraints
|
limitations on the pattern of genetic variation and co variations
|
Pleiotropy
|
one gene affects multiple traits
|
example of pleotropy
|
Cat) white coat=blue eyes= deaf
one gene responsible for coat color and hearing |
Antagonistic pleotropy
|
gene codes for beneficial and detrimental effect
ex) P53 suppresses cancer cells and also suppresses stem cells |
Linkage Disequilibrium
|
Traits physically linked genes are sorted together
|
Physical linkage
|
Two or more loci on same chromosome traits on same chromosome body color and wing type
|
Developmental constraint
|
certain way animal must develop which causes it to look a certain way ex: notochord primitive backbone in all vertebrates
kangaroo face shape to be able to get milk |
Physical Constraint
|
laws of physics and properties that impose constraints
|
on land physical constraint
|
gravity pressure heat
|
water physical constraint
|
buoyancy air diffusion light salinity
|
Direct benefits
|
benefits that directly effect the organism
|
indirect benefits
|
ex: seahorse choosing mate with best genes
|
Trivers Principal
|
Greater parental investment= The choosy sex
seahorse male is choosy sex has limited egg space |
homeotic genes
|
regulatory genes for placement of body parts
|
antigenic shift
|
more radical change in virus that is completely unrecognizable and common in pandemics
|
antigenic drift
|
virus evolves gradually which results in yearly changes in flu more mutation
|
Out of Africa model
|
homo sapiens evolved in africa and then dispersed out
|
Multiregional
|
homo erectus evolved in different areas into homo sapiens with little gene flow
|
Derived character state
|
what trait is a product from the common ancestor
|
gene duplication
|
multiple genes should allow for greater tissue specificity
|
why is it important to take full course of antibodies
|
possibility to mutate if you do not kill them all
|
normal flora
|
bacteria found naturally in the body usually hurt by antibodies
|